Author: Publisher: World Health Organization ISBN: 9240017321 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 24
Book Description
Economic impact assessments play an essential role in supporting countries achieve their goals towards controlling air pollution and climate actions. The main objectives of this study were to assess the economic costs of selected diseases and road traffic injuries (RTI) to the public health sector, patients and their families in the metropolitan region of Accra, Ghana. The results shown that, although, all patients had some type of health care insurance, not all hospital costs were covered by this type of assistance. Patients and their families also faced high indirect costs, mainly related to the loss of income due to the illnesses. When we look at the distribution of indirect costs amongst those patients who work in the informal sector, costs were even more substantial for some categories of patients. Although air pollution affects everyone, the poor seem to suffer the most. About 45% of our sample were considered to be in the first and second quintiles of socioeconomic status (the poorest and poor), and the direct medical costs alone could represent double their annual earnings. In our sample, patients also refer to loans and selling their assets in order to cover hospital costs.
Author: Publisher: World Health Organization ISBN: 9240017305 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 28
Book Description
The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes the significant impact of transport systems on health and provides normative guidance and technical support to Member States to promote healthy transport. As a contribution to this response, The WHO Urban Health Initiative has rolled out activities in Accra, Ghana to support urban leaders to make best use of health evidence and competencies to assess the environmental, health and economic benefits of actions to improve urban environments, with a focus on air pollution. The report “Health and economic impacts of transport interventions in Accra, Ghana”, aimed at professionals and practitioners interested on transport and health, comprehensively assesses transport scenarios for the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA), informed by the local policy landscape. Mitigation scenarios comparing the effects of different interventions on land use, transport mode, energy efficiency and demand showed that investing in walking, cycling and clean public transport can substantially improve urban air quality and climate emissions as well as promote physical activity, contributing to significant health and economic gains, reducing the mortality risk across the population of GAMA. Developed with the active contribution of many sectors and stakeholders, this report is also a milestone for the Urban Health Initiative, showcasing what can be achieved through multisectoral collaboration to improve the knowledge base and create the demand for action towards healthier sustainable transport.
Author: Publisher: World Health Organization ISBN: 9240022295 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 44
Book Description
With the objectives to reduce deaths and diseases associated with air and climate pollutants, and to enhance health co-benefits from policies and measures to tackle air and climate pollution, WHO has carried out, in cooperation with various international partners, an Urban Health Initiative (UHI). The UHI aims to mobilizing and empowering the health sector and using the sector’s influential position to promote the implementation of air and climate pollutant reduction strategies, and it intends to demonstrate to the public and decision-makers the full range of health and economic benefits to the local population, that can be achieved from implementing local emission reduction policies and strategies. This publication is part of a case study series that carried out in the UHI pilot project in Accra. This case study is aimed at discussing ambient air pollution and health impacts for specific scenarios of reduction of concentrations.
Author: World Health Organization Publisher: World Health Organization ISBN: 9240060782 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 52
Book Description
Ambient and household air pollution are a major cause of death and disease globally. This public health threat is being increased due to the rapid urbanization process and environmental degradation that characterizes the 21st century and that have a higher impact in developing countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) Urban Health Initiative (UHI) is implemented as a response to the World Health Assembly (WHA) Resolution 68.8 from May 2015, which requests WHO to build health sector capacity to work with other sectors, support countries to identify effective policy measures, track progress, and continue to update the evidence for health impacts of air pollution. WHO conducted a pilot project in the city of Accra (Ghana) to address air pollution and related health effects in cities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). The Initiative provides a health-based implementation framework to reduce deaths and diseases associated with air pollutants, and realize climate and other health benefits (e.g., less injuries and safe physical activity). Particular attention has been given to assessing the impacts of policies in sectors responsible for air pollution, specifically household energy, land-use, waste and transport activities. This report includes discussions on the main results and impacts of the pilot project conducted in Accra. And it provides guidance and available tools that can be adapted to similar initiatives around the world to assess the health impacts of air pollution, promote policies to reduce air pollution and plan healthier environments.
Author: Mohamed Khallaf Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand ISBN: 9533075287 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 459
Book Description
This book aims to strengthen the knowledge base dealing with Air Pollution. The book consists of 21 chapters dealing with Air Pollution and its effects in the fields of Health, Environment, Economy and Agricultural Sources. It is divided into four sections. The first one deals with effect of air pollution on health and human body organs. The second section includes the Impact of air pollution on plants and agricultural sources and methods of resistance. The third section includes environmental changes, geographic and climatic conditions due to air pollution. The fourth section includes case studies concerning of the impact of air pollution in the economy and development goals, such as, indoor air pollution in México, indoor air pollution and millennium development goals in Bangladesh, epidemiologic and economic impact of natural gas on indoor air pollution in Colombia and economic growth and air pollution in Iran during development programs. In this book the authors explain the definition of air pollution, the most important pollutants and their different sources and effects on humans and various fields of life. The authors offer different solutions to the problems resulting from air pollution.
Author: S. B. Akuffo Publisher: Ghana University Press ISBN: Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 156
Book Description
This second revised edition includes new and updated data and information, adding weight to the discussions in the first edition, while retaining its structure. Solutions to perennial flooding problems in Curitiba, a Brazilian city, and the effect of ground water extraction in the United Kingdom are two new examples cited, to show how similar problems in Ghana could be tackled. The author, experienced in pollution control in Ghana, draws out the critical issues requiring consideration and action by governments in developing countries. He discusses pollution problems which arise out of normal domestic, industrial and agricultural activities associated with everyday living in a developing country. Specifically, he deals with air and water pollution control and the administration of toxic chemicals.
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Author: World Health Organization
Author: Ronald Gene Ridker
Author: Ronald G. Ridker
Author: Albert Mayer
Author: Mohamed Khallaf
Author: S. B. Akuffo