Disinfection By-Product Formation and Control During Chloramination PDF Download

Author: Gerald E. Speitel Jr
Publisher: American Water Works Association
ISBN: 184339930X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 246

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Book Description
In response to current and anticipated disinfection by-product (DBP) regulations, many utilities have begun to use chloramines as a secondary disinfectant. Chloramination produces DBPs such as haloacetic acids (HAAs), trihalomethanes (THMs), and haloacetonitriles (HANs) in lower concentrations than chlorination. Previous research has demonstrated that dihalogenated haloacetic acids (DXAAs) are the most commonly formed HAAs during chloramination. Some utilities may have difficulty meeting the new maximum contaminant level (MCL) for HAAs because chloramination does not limit the formation of DXAAs to the same extent as it does other DBPs. The objectives of this project were to: better understand the reactivity of key natural organic matter (NOM) fractions and the effects of treatment processes with respect to dihaloacetic acid (DXAA) formation, better delineate the influence of pH and Cl2/N ratio on DXAA formation, characterize DXAA formation kinetics and the impact of treatment processes on the kinetics, especially the impact of prechlorination, calculate the rate and extent of DXAA formation at elevated summer water temperatures, and determine the effect of bromide concentration on DXAA speciation and kinetics.

Author: Despo Fatta-Kassinos
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9783319238913
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Book Description
This volume discusses the current challenges related to the reuse of wastewater. It reviews the analytical methodologies for evaluating emerging contaminants and their transformation products, the sensitivity of various bioassays for assessing the biological effects of treated wastewater, and the bioavailability and uptake of organic contaminants during crop irrigation. It describes in detail the physicochemical and microbiological alterations in soil resulting from irrigation with treated urban wastewater, and discusses our current understanding of antibiotic resistance in wastewater treatment plants and in downstream environments. The book also includes an analysis of the effect of wastewater entering drinking water sources and production, and provides updated information on wastewater reuse for irrigation in North Africa. It presents an important integration tool for water recovery, known as water pinch analysis, and finally showcases two other examples of reuse – one in the paper industry and one in landfill management. It is of interest to experts from various fields of research, including analytical and environmental chemistry, toxicology and environmental and sanitary engineering.

Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 030949382X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 291

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Book Description
Legionnaires' disease, a pneumonia caused by the Legionella bacterium, is the leading cause of reported waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States. Legionella occur naturally in water from many different environmental sources, but grow rapidly in the warm, stagnant conditions that can be found in engineered water systems such as cooling towers, building plumbing, and hot tubs. Humans are primarily exposed to Legionella through inhalation of contaminated aerosols into the respiratory system. Legionnaires' disease can be fatal, with between 3 and 33 percent of Legionella infections leading to death, and studies show the incidence of Legionnaires' disease in the United States increased five-fold from 2000 to 2017. Management of Legionella in Water Systems reviews the state of science on Legionella contamination of water systems, specifically the ecology and diagnosis. This report explores the process of transmission via water systems, quantification, prevention and control, and policy and training issues that affect the incidence of Legionnaires' disease. It also analyzes existing knowledge gaps and recommends research priorities moving forward.

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Chloramines
Languages : en
Pages : 214

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Book Description

Author: M.N.V. Prasad
Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN: 0081029772
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 490

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Book Description
Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water: Detection and Treatment presents cutting-edge research on how to understand the procedures, processes and considerations for detecting and treating disinfection by-products from drinking water, swimming pool water, and wastewater. The book begins with an overview of the different groups of Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs), such as: Trihalomethanes (THM), Halo acetic acids, and Haloacetonitrile (HAN). This coverage is quickly followed by a clear and rigorous exposition of the latest methods and technologies for the characterization, occurrence, formation, transformation and removal of DBPs in drinking water. Other chapters focus on ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, electron spin resonance, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Researchers will find a valuable resource to a breath of topics for DBP detection and treatment, including various recent techniques, such as microfiltration, nanofiltration membrane and nanotechnology.

Author: Robert M. Clark
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
ISBN: 142890073X
Category : Drinking water
Languages : en
Pages : 330

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Book Description

Author: Tanju Karanfil
Publisher: Academic
ISBN:
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 434

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Book Description
This book is a collection of chapters on the latest international research findings, including emerging issues and state-of-the-art studies, related to disinfection by-product formation and control in drinking waters and treated wastewaters.

Author: Yuefeng Xie
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 0203486919
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 180

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Book Description
The EPA has established regulations which classify four types of disinfection byproducts - TTHMs, haloacetic acids, bromate, and chlorite - and requires public water systems limit these byproducts to specific levels. Most of the information required to comply with these standards is either scattered throughout the literature or derived from confere

Author: IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
Publisher: IARC Monographs on the Evaluat
ISBN: 9789283213246
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Book Description
This volume of the IARC Monographs provides an assessment of the carcinogenicity of 18 chemicals present in industrial and consumer products or food (natural constituents, contaminants, or flavorings) or occurring as water-chlorination by-products. The compounds evaluated include the widely used plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and the food contaminant 4-methylimidazole. In view of the limited agent-specific information available from epidemiological studies, the IARC Monographs Working Group relied mainly on carcinogenicity bioassays, and mechanistic and other relevant data to evaluate the carcinogenic hazards to humans exposed to these agents.

Author: Clemens von Sonntag
Publisher: IWA Publishing
ISBN: 1843393131
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 306

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Book Description
Even though ozone has been applied for a long time for disinfection and oxidation in water treatment, there is lack of critical information related to transformation of organic compounds. This has become more important in recent years, because there is considerable concern about the formation of potentially harmful degradation products as well as oxidation products from the reaction with the matrix components. In recent years, a wealth of information on the products that are formed has accumulated, and substantial progress in understanding mechanistic details of ozone reactions in aqueous solution has been made. Based on the latter, this may allow us to predict the products of as yet not studied systems and assist in evaluating toxic potentials in case certain classes are known to show such effects. Keeping this in mind, Chemistry of Ozone in Water and Wastewater Treatment: From Basic Principles to Applications discusses mechanistic details of ozone reactions as much as they are known to date and applies them to the large body of studies on micropollutant degradation (such as pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors) that is already available. Extensively quoting the literature and updating the available compilation of ozone rate constants gives the reader a text at hand on which his research can be based. Moreover, those that are responsible for planning or operation of ozonation steps in drinking water and wastewater treatment plants will find salient information in a compact form that otherwise is quite disperse. A critical compilation of rate constants for the various classes of compounds is given in each chapter, including all the recent publications. This is a very useful source of information for researchers and practitioners who need kinetic information on emerging contaminants. Furthermore, each chapter contains a large selection of examples of reaction mechanisms for the transformation of micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fuel additives, solvents, taste and odor compounds, cyanotoxins. Authors: Prof. Dr. Clemens von Sonntag, Max-Planck-Institut für Bioanorganische Chemie, Mülheim an der Ruhr, and Instrumentelle Analytische Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany and Prof. Dr. Urs von Gunten, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, and Ecole Polytechnique Federal de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.