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Author: Lorenz Meyenburg Publisher: Diplomarbeiten Agentur ISBN: 3842805764 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 172
Book Description
Inhaltsangabe:Introduction: The term Dutch Disease (abbreviated to DD throughout the paper), introduced in 1977, refers to the adverse effects on Dutch manufacturing of the natural gas discoveries of the 1960s. The crucial sub-period from 1974 to 1979 after the oil price shock in 1973 / 1974 was then marked by a consumption driven booming government sector in the context of a European stagnation, and though this process in itself did not bear a disease character, the strong real appreciation due to an overvaluation of the Dutch Guilder and an inflexible labour market were at least the clearest possible signs of a disease. It is actually doubted that the DD is Dutch, but the existence of the DD as a general phenomenon is widely accepted in the literature. The fascination of the DD arises from its paradoxical nature that something intuitively good develops a dark side. There is a good side of every boom, its initial impact is beneficial and amounts to Pareto-improvement for the economy as a whole. This implies a rise in real living standards due to higher levels of public and private consumption and higher levels of investment (and savings). Windfalls, the linked fiscal revenues, and easier domestic and foreign borrowing can finance core public goods. Especially regarding developing countries, windfalls principally allow breaking out of the poverty trap: poverty lack of public finance lack of public goods lack of private investment poverty. Approaching the dark side, a favourable shock like a discovery of oil is a mixed blessing to developing countries, and research does not show a clear outperformance of the oil nations as a whole. The DD can be formulated as a provoking dilemma: Enjoy boom revenues to boost economic development while those revenues in fact turn out to be responsible for the economic stagnation through the deterioration of the tradeable sectors. The provoking nature of the DD runs the risk of being misused in the media in the longing for exciting economical statements, and a healthy mistrust should always accompany an alleged DD even in the literature, as the real problem can lie somewhere else in the dynamic economy. For example, in many countries, the downward trend in the share of manufacturing in national output is dominated by other reasons than a favourable shock. In general, policy choices can exacerbate or mitigate the DD, so that there is a direct connection, but the majority of influences rather works [...]
Author: Lorenz Meyenburg Publisher: Diplomarbeiten Agentur ISBN: 3842805764 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 172
Book Description
Inhaltsangabe:Introduction: The term Dutch Disease (abbreviated to DD throughout the paper), introduced in 1977, refers to the adverse effects on Dutch manufacturing of the natural gas discoveries of the 1960s. The crucial sub-period from 1974 to 1979 after the oil price shock in 1973 / 1974 was then marked by a consumption driven booming government sector in the context of a European stagnation, and though this process in itself did not bear a disease character, the strong real appreciation due to an overvaluation of the Dutch Guilder and an inflexible labour market were at least the clearest possible signs of a disease. It is actually doubted that the DD is Dutch, but the existence of the DD as a general phenomenon is widely accepted in the literature. The fascination of the DD arises from its paradoxical nature that something intuitively good develops a dark side. There is a good side of every boom, its initial impact is beneficial and amounts to Pareto-improvement for the economy as a whole. This implies a rise in real living standards due to higher levels of public and private consumption and higher levels of investment (and savings). Windfalls, the linked fiscal revenues, and easier domestic and foreign borrowing can finance core public goods. Especially regarding developing countries, windfalls principally allow breaking out of the poverty trap: poverty lack of public finance lack of public goods lack of private investment poverty. Approaching the dark side, a favourable shock like a discovery of oil is a mixed blessing to developing countries, and research does not show a clear outperformance of the oil nations as a whole. The DD can be formulated as a provoking dilemma: Enjoy boom revenues to boost economic development while those revenues in fact turn out to be responsible for the economic stagnation through the deterioration of the tradeable sectors. The provoking nature of the DD runs the risk of being misused in the media in the longing for exciting economical statements, and a healthy mistrust should always accompany an alleged DD even in the literature, as the real problem can lie somewhere else in the dynamic economy. For example, in many countries, the downward trend in the share of manufacturing in national output is dominated by other reasons than a favourable shock. In general, policy choices can exacerbate or mitigate the DD, so that there is a direct connection, but the majority of influences rather works [...]
Author: Didier Raoult Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 142001997X Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 400
Book Description
The only available reference to comprehensively discuss the common and unusual types of rickettsiosis in over twenty years, this book will offer the reader a full review on the bacteriology, transmission, and pathophysiology of these conditions. Written from experts in the field from Europe, USA, Africa, and Asia, specialists analyze specific patho
Author: Roger Hosein Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan ISBN: 9783030776718 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 265
Book Description
Oil and Gas in Trinidad and Tobago presents a historical economic review of the energy sector of Trinidad and Tobago, followed by a detailed evaluation of policies associated with resource abundance and the effects on the economy from various perspectives, including industrialization, labor productivity, education, export diversification, and competitiveness. This book utilizes a wide range of statistical data and methodologies to both economically and statistically analyze these issues at hand. The content of this book will be useful not only for policymakers but also for researchers and students interested in the field.
Author: Musa Jega Ibrahim Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand ISBN: 9535135295 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 101
Book Description
Economics is about understanding the rational behaviour of economic agents (households, firms, industries and government) in their decisions to achieve best outcomes of their goals and aspirations. They collectively converge to achieve the utmost economic and social benefits for all in the country in terms of economic growth and development. Economic growth and development occur through efficient use of available resources to meet effective demand and social needs. The challenge that countries are facing is proper application of appropriate policy mix to optimize the opportunities of increasingly interdependent global economic landscape. For emerging economies, a multiple sector strategy that propels economic transformation is crucial. This needs to be predicated on robust macroeconomic policy framework that aligns with global production and consumption activities to drive economic growth process for achieving sustainable development.
Author: Leonard F. M. Scinto Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 384
Book Description
The three major approaches to diagnosis of AD -- radiological, biological, and neurophysiological -- are discussed in detail with chapters highlighting the most promising technologies within these approaches. The leading authors, all of whom are intimately involved with these emerging technologies, have developed this as an essential reference for neuropathologists, clinicians and researchers of Alzheimer's disease.
Author: R. M. Auty Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 0199246882 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 357
Book Description
Since the 1960s the per capita incomes of the resource-poor countries have grown significantly faster than those of the resource-abundant countries. In fact, in recent years economic growth has been inversely proportional to the share of natural resource rents in GDP, so that the small mineral-driven economies have performed least well and the oil-driven economies worst of all. Yet the mineral-driven resource-rich economies have high growth potential because the mineral exportsboost their capacity to invest and to import."Resource Abundance and Economic Development" explains the disappointing performance of resource-abundant countries by extending the growth accounting framework to include natural and social capital. The resulting synthesis identifies two contrasting development trajectories: the competitive industrialization of the resource-poor countries and the staple trap of many resource-abundant countries. The resource-poor countries are less prone to policy failure than the resource-abundant countriesbecause social pressures force the political state to align its interests with the majority poor and follow relatively prudent policies. Resource-abundant countries are more likely to engender political states in which vested interests vie to capture resource surpluses (rents) at the expense of policycoherence. A longer dependence on primary product exports also delays industrialization, heightens income inequality, and retards skill accumulation. Fears of 'Dutch disease' encourage efforts to force industrialization through trade policy to protect infant industry. The resulting slow-maturing manufacturing sector demands transfers from the primary sector that outstrip the natural resource rents and sap the competitiveness of the economy.The chapters in this collection draw upon historical analysis and models to show that a growth collapse is not the inevitable outcome of resource abundance and that policy counts. Malaysia, a rare example of successful resource-abundant development, is contrasted with Ghana, Bolivia, Saudi Arabia, Mexico, and Argentina, which all experienced a growth collapse. The book also explores policies for reviving collapsed economies with reference to Costa Rica, South Africa, Russia and Central Asia. Itdemonstrates the importance of initial conditions to successful economic reform.
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309450314 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 575
Book Description
Over the past 20 years, public concerns have grown in response to the apparent rising prevalence of food allergy and related atopic conditions, such as eczema. Although evidence on the true prevalence of food allergy is complicated by insufficient or inconsistent data and studies with variable methodologies, many health care experts who care for patients agree that a real increase in food allergy has occurred and that it is unlikely to be due simply to an increase in awareness and better tools for diagnosis. Many stakeholders are concerned about these increases, including the general public, policy makers, regulatory agencies, the food industry, scientists, clinicians, and especially families of children and young people suffering from food allergy. At the present time, however, despite a mounting body of data on the prevalence, health consequences, and associated costs of food allergy, this chronic disease has not garnered the level of societal attention that it warrants. Moreover, for patients and families at risk, recommendations and guidelines have not been clear about preventing exposure or the onset of reactions or for managing this disease. Finding a Path to Safety in Food Allergy examines critical issues related to food allergy, including the prevalence and severity of food allergy and its impact on affected individuals, families, and communities; and current understanding of food allergy as a disease, and in diagnostics, treatments, prevention, and public policy. This report seeks to: clarify the nature of the disease, its causes, and its current management; highlight gaps in knowledge; encourage the implementation of management tools at many levels and among many stakeholders; and delineate a roadmap to safety for those who have, or are at risk of developing, food allergy, as well as for others in society who are responsible for public health.
Author: C.A. Nienaber Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9780792355175 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 300
Book Description
Describes recent surgical techniques developed to improve prognosis in aortic diseases, and discusses recent interventional strategies such as endovascular stent-graft placement and non-surgical reconstruction of the aorta. Chapters deal with aortic dissection, aortic aneurysm, surgical treatment of aortic aneurysms and dissections, inherited disorders of the aorta, aortic trauma, aortitis, and etiology and pathology of aortic malformations. Each chapter is organized in a similar fashion, with information on demographic aspects, pathology, clinical presentation, and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
Author: Francesco M. Galassi Publisher: Casemate Publishers ISBN: 1473870801 Category : History Languages : en Pages : 210
Book Description
DIVIn this groundbreaking study, two medical historians present a provocative new diagnosis of the ailment that famously afflicted Julius Caesar. It is generally accepted as a historical fact that Julius Caesar suffered from epilepsy, an illness which in classical times was sometimes associated with divinely bestowed genius. The ancient sources describe several episodes when, sometimes at critical junctures, one of the most accomplished military commanders in history was incapacitated by a condition referred to as morbus comitialis. But does the evidence of his illness really suggest a diagnosis of epilepsy? And if it was not epilepsy that afflicted Caesar, what was it? These are the questions that doctors Francesco M. Galassi and Hutan Ashrafian seek to answer by applying modern medical knowledge to the symptoms and circumstances described by primary source documents—including statements made by Caesar himself. The result is a fascinating piece of historical-pathological detective work that challenges received wisdom about one of the most famous men of all time.“/DIV>
Author: WHO Publisher: World Health Organization ISBN: 9241548908 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 38
Book Description
BACKGROUND: Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), defined as a state of persistent immune response to prior-acquired Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens without evidence of clinically manifested active TB, affects about one-third of the world's population. Approximately 10% of people with LTBI will develop active TB disease in their lifetime, with the majority developing it within the first five years after initial infection. Currently available treatments have an efficacy ranging from 60% to 90%. Systematic testing and treatment of LTBI in at-risk populations is a critical component of WHO's eight-point framework adapted from the End TB Strategy to target pre-elimination and, ultimately, elimination in low incidence countries. OVERVIEW: Recognizing the importance of expanding the response to LTBI, in 2014 WHO developed Guidelines on the Management of Latent Tuberculosis Infection. The guidelines are primarily targeted at high-income or upper middle-income countries with an estimated TB incidence rate of less than 100 per 100 000 population, because they are most likely to benefit from it due to their current TB epidemiology and resource availability. The overall objective of the guidelines is to provide public health approach guidance on evidence-based practices for testing, treating and managing LTBI in individuals with the highest risk of progression to active disease. Specific objectives include identifying and prioritizing at-risk population groups for targeted intervention of LTBI testing and treatment, including defining an algorithm, and recommending specific treatment options. The guidelines are expected to provide the basis and rationale for the development of national guidelines for LTBI management based on available resources, epidemiology of TB including intensity of transmission, the health-care delivery system of the country, and other national and local determinants.
Author: Lorenz Meyenburg
Author: Lorenz Meyenburg
Author: Didier Raoult
Author: Roger Hosein
Author: Musa Jega Ibrahim
Author: Leonard F. M. Scinto
Author: R. M. Auty
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Author: C.A. Nienaber
Author: Francesco M. Galassi
Author: WHO