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Author: David Barra Birrcher Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 740
Book Description
Several reinforced concrete bent caps (deep beams) in Texas have developed significant diagonal cracks in service. The cracking in two bent caps was so extensive that costly retrofits were implemented to strengthen the structures. Strut-and-tie modeling is currently recommended in most U.S. design specifications for the design of reinforced concrete bent caps and deep beams. Designers have expressed concerns with the lack of clarity and serviceability-related considerations in strut-and-tie model design provisions. Due to concerns with strut-and-tie modeling design provisions and field problems of in-service bent caps, TxDOT Project 5253 was funded. Several tasks conducted within Project 5253 are addressed in this dissertation. The effects of minimum web reinforcement and member depth on the strength and serviceability behavior of deep beams are presented. The transition between deep beam shear capacity and sectional shear capacity near a shear-span-to-depth (a/d) ratio of 2 is addressed. A service-load shear check to limit diagonal cracking in service is outlined. Lastly, a simple chart that correlates the maximum width of diagonal cracks in a deep beam to its residual capacity is developed. To accomplish the objectives of Project 5253, thirty-seven tests were conducted on reinforced concrete beams with the following cross-sectional dimensions: 21"x23", 21"x42", 21"x44", 21"x75", and 36"x48." The specimens were loaded with a/d ratios of 1.2, 1.85, and 2.5. The test specimens are among the largest reinforced concrete deep beams in the literature. To supplement the findings of the experimental program, a database of deep beam test results was compiled. Entries in the database that lacked sufficient information and that did not meet established cross-sectional size or web reinforcement criteria were filtered from the database. The use of the database in conjunction with the experimental program enabled each objective to be addressed from both broad and specific viewpoints. Several recommendations for improving the strength and serviceability design of deep beams are presented including a minimum web reinforcement requirement, provisions to ease the transition between calculated deep beam and sectional shear capacity, and a design check to limit diagonal cracking in service.
Author: David Barra Birrcher Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 740
Book Description
Several reinforced concrete bent caps (deep beams) in Texas have developed significant diagonal cracks in service. The cracking in two bent caps was so extensive that costly retrofits were implemented to strengthen the structures. Strut-and-tie modeling is currently recommended in most U.S. design specifications for the design of reinforced concrete bent caps and deep beams. Designers have expressed concerns with the lack of clarity and serviceability-related considerations in strut-and-tie model design provisions. Due to concerns with strut-and-tie modeling design provisions and field problems of in-service bent caps, TxDOT Project 5253 was funded. Several tasks conducted within Project 5253 are addressed in this dissertation. The effects of minimum web reinforcement and member depth on the strength and serviceability behavior of deep beams are presented. The transition between deep beam shear capacity and sectional shear capacity near a shear-span-to-depth (a/d) ratio of 2 is addressed. A service-load shear check to limit diagonal cracking in service is outlined. Lastly, a simple chart that correlates the maximum width of diagonal cracks in a deep beam to its residual capacity is developed. To accomplish the objectives of Project 5253, thirty-seven tests were conducted on reinforced concrete beams with the following cross-sectional dimensions: 21"x23", 21"x42", 21"x44", 21"x75", and 36"x48." The specimens were loaded with a/d ratios of 1.2, 1.85, and 2.5. The test specimens are among the largest reinforced concrete deep beams in the literature. To supplement the findings of the experimental program, a database of deep beam test results was compiled. Entries in the database that lacked sufficient information and that did not meet established cross-sectional size or web reinforcement criteria were filtered from the database. The use of the database in conjunction with the experimental program enabled each objective to be addressed from both broad and specific viewpoints. Several recommendations for improving the strength and serviceability design of deep beams are presented including a minimum web reinforcement requirement, provisions to ease the transition between calculated deep beam and sectional shear capacity, and a design check to limit diagonal cracking in service.
Author: F K Kong Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 0203034880 Category : Architecture Languages : en Pages : 305
Book Description
The contents of this book have been chosen with the following main aims: to review the present coverage of the major design codes and the CIRIA guide, and to explain the fundamental behaviour of deep beams; to provide information on design topics which are inadequately covered by the current codes and design manuals; and to give authoritative revie
Author: M. A. Mansur Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 9780849374357 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 240
Book Description
This book compiles state-of-the-art information on the behavior, analysis, and design of concrete beams containing transverse openings. Discussions include the need, effects, and classification of openings as well as the general requirements for fulfilling design pure bending, combined bending, and shear - illustrated with numerical examples torsion alone or in combination with bending and shear large rectangular openings as well as opening size and location on beam behavior methods for analyzing ultimate strength and serviceability requirements effects of torsion in beams large openings in continuous beams and their effects on possible redistribution of internal forces as well as guidelines and procedures for the design of such beams effect of prestressing on the serviceability and strength of beams with web openings design against cracking at openings and ultimate loads Concrete Beams with Openings serves as an invaluable source of information for designers and practicing engineers, especially useful since little or no provision or guidelines are currently available in most building codes.
Author: Robin Garrett Tuchscherer Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 596
Book Description
Bridge bents (deep beams) in the State of Texas have experienced diagonal cracking problems with increasing frequency. These field related issues, taken in combination with discrepancies that exist between design provisions for strut and tie modeling (STM), were the impetus for the funding of the current project. The overall objective of the project was to develop safe and consistent design guidelines in regard to both the strength and serviceability of deep beams. In order to accomplish this research objective and related tasks, a database of 868 deep beam tests was assembled from previous research. Inadvertently, many of the beams in this database were considerably smaller, did not contain sufficient information, or contained very little shear reinforcement. As a result, filtering criteria were used to remove 724 tests from the database. The criteria were chosen to consider only beams that represent bent caps designed in the field. In addition to the 144 tests that remained in the database, 34 tests were conducted as part of the current experimental program resulting in 178 total tests available for evaluation purposes. Two additional tests were conducted on beams without shear reinforcement, thus they did not meet the filtering criteria. However, the results from these tests provided valuable information regarding deep beam behavior. Beams that were fabricated and tested as part of the current experimental program ranged in size from, 36"x48", 21"x75", 21"x42", and 21"x23". These tests represent some of the largest deep beam shear tests ever conducted. STM details that were investigated included: (i) the influence that triaxial confinement of the load or support plate has on strength and serviceability performance; and (ii) the influence that multiple stirrup legs distributed across the web has on strength and serviceability performance. Based on the findings of the experimental and analytical program, a new strut-and-tie modeling procedure was proposed for the design of deep beam regions. The procedure is based on an explicitly defined single-panel truss model with non-hydrostatic nodes. An important aspect of the new STM design methodology is that it was comprehensively derived based on all the stress checks that constitute an STM design. Thus, the new method considers every facet of a STM design. The newly proposed STM procedure is simple, more accurate, and more conservative in comparison with the ACI 318-08 and AASHTO LRFD (2008) STM design provisions. As such, the implementation of the new design provisions into ACI 318 and AASHTO LRFD is recommended.
Author: Nancy Anne Larson Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 468
Book Description
Significant diagonal cracking in reinforced concrete inverted-T straddle bent caps has been reported throughout the State of Texas. Many of the distressed structures were recently constructed and all have been in service for less than two decades. The unique nature of the problem prompted a more detailed look into the design and behavior of such structural components. Strut-and-tie modeling is currently recommended for design of deep (rectangular) beams, but its application to more complex structures has not been fully explored. Due to concerns with current design provisions the application of strut-and-tie modeling to inverted-T beams was investigated along with serviceability-related considerations in this dissertation. An experimental study was conducted in which thirty-three reinforced concrete inverted-T beam tests were conducted. The effects of the following variables were evaluated: ledge depth and length, quantity of web reinforcement, number of point loads, member depth, and shear span-to-depth ratio. A strut-and-tie design method proposed by Birrcher et. al (2009), initially calibrated for compression-chord loaded deep beams, was investigated. It was concluded that the strut-and-tie method was a simple and accurate design method, and it was recommended for use in inverted-T beam design. A vi recommendation was also made for the amount of minimum web reinforcement needed for strength and serviceability considerations. A simple service-load check was proposed for the purpose of limiting diagonal cracking under service loads. Finally, a chart was created to aid in the evaluation of distressed, diagonally-cracked inverted-T bent caps in the field.
Author: Nancy Larson Publisher: ISBN: Category : Concrete beams Languages : en Pages : 216
Book Description
Significant diagonal cracking in reinforced concrete inverted-T straddle bent caps has been reported throughout the State of Texas. Many of the distressed structures were recently constructed and have generally been in service for less than two decades. The unique nature of the problem prompted a closer look into the design and behavior of such structural components. An experimental study was conducted in which 33 reinforced concrete inverted-T beam specimens were tested. The effects of the following variables were evaluated: ledge depth and length, quantity of web reinforcement, number of point loads, member depth, and a/d ratio. A strut-and-tie design method proposed by Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) Project 0-5253, initially calibrated for compression-chord loaded deep beams, was investigated. It was concluded that the strut-and-tie method was a simpler and accurate design method and was recommended for use in inverted-T beam design. A recommendation was also made on the amount of minimum web reinforcement needed for strength and serviceability considerations. A simple service-load check was proposed for the purpose of limiting diagonal cracking under service loads. Lastly, a chart was created to aid in the distress evaluation of a diagonally-cracked inverted-T bent cap in the field.
Author: ACI Committee 318 Publisher: American Concrete Institute ISBN: 0870312642 Category : Building laws Languages : en Pages : 471
Book Description
The quality and testing of materials used in construction are covered by reference to the appropriate ASTM standard specifications. Welding of reinforcement is covered by reference to the appropriate AWS standard. Uses of the Code include adoption by reference in general building codes, and earlier editions have been widely used in this manner. The Code is written in a format that allows such reference without change to its language. Therefore, background details or suggestions for carrying out the requirements or intent of the Code portion cannot be included. The Commentary is provided for this purpose. Some of the considerations of the committee in developing the Code portion are discussed within the Commentary, with emphasis given to the explanation of new or revised provisions. Much of the research data referenced in preparing the Code is cited for the user desiring to study individual questions in greater detail. Other documents that provide suggestions for carrying out the requirements of the Code are also cited.
Author: David Barra Birrcher
Author: David Barra Birrcher
Author: 
Author: F K Kong
Author: M. A. Mansur
Author: Robin Garrett Tuchscherer
Author: Nancy Anne Larson
Author: Nancy Larson
Author: Matthew R. Huizinga
Author: Gayle E. Albritton
Author: ACI Committee 318