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Author: Lei Gu (Researcher in power electronics) Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Compact and efficient high-frequency power converters and amplifiers are needed in a variety of applications, including base stations, mobile devices, and medical equipment. The ever-growing need for a smaller size, longer battery life, and lower cost introduces challenging design considerations for radio-frequency power converters. Today, these radio-frequency resonant converters use harmonic tuning to shape the voltage or current waveform of the switching device, with the primary goals of reducing device stress and increasing achievable efficiency. Although harmonic-tuned resonant converters can be very compact and efficient for a certain condition, significant challenges remain to widespread adoption, including limited high-efficiency range, complicated design procedures, and higher device stress compared with conventional approaches. This thesis presents circuit techniques that can extend the voltage, frequency, and efficiency ranges of radio-frequency power converters and provides more straightforward analysis and easy-to-implement design procedures. This thesis first presents a multi-resonant gate driver circuit developed using the harmonic wave-shaping technique that significantly reduces the high-frequency gate driving losses for Si and SiC MOSFETs. By controlling different harmonic components of an ideal square wave, we can resonantly shape a quasi-square voltage waveform at the gate. This gate driver is simple to control and has a low component count. Compared with a sine wave gate signal, this method reduces the transition time between the MOSFET is fully enhanced and turned-off, driving down the switching losses. Compared with similar multi-resonant drivers that are self-oscillating, this driver reduces the long start-up time required to reach steady-state. Intuitive design methodologies based on the frequency-domain plot are introduced. Using this technique, we are able to resonantly drive a Si MOSFET at 20 MHz and recycle 60% of the hard-switching gate-driving loss. We also demonstrate this driver on a SiC MOSFET switching at 30 MHz and save 80% of the hard-switching loss. Modern applications demand power converters to maintain a constant voltage output with high efficiency across significant load variation. This thesis presents a bidirectional dc-dc converter that enables efficient fixed-ratio voltage conversion at tens of megahertz. By selecting a proper matching network for the intermediate gain stage, we address multiple challenges simultaneously; a) replacing a lossy passive diode with a more efficient active transistor, b) maintaining efficient soft-switching operation, and c) a constant voltage conversion ratio over a wide load range. A 64 MHz, 12 W, 36 V-to-12 V prototype converter with 75% peak efficiency verifies the operation of the structure. An interleaved configuration is then proposed to improve the efficiency and transient performance of a single-phase structure. A 13.56 MHz, 210 V-to-30 V prototype converter with 90% peak efficiency at 200 W demonstrates the advantages of this proposed structure. RF power amplifiers underpin many systems that support our modern infrastructure. The Class EF and E/F family of harmonic-tuned switch-mode amplifiers have simple gate drives, reduced voltage stress, and higher output power capabilities than a conventional Class E circuit. To best utilize the performance potential of this family of circuits, this thesis presents a novel push-pull Phi2 (EF2) amplifier using interleaving and series-stacking techniques, denoted as a PPT Phi2 circuit. This series-stacked PPT Phi2 circuit combines all of the main advantages of different topologies, like the simplicity of gate driving, highest cut-off frequency, lowest voltage stress, and load-invariant operation. A compact 6.78 MHz, 100 V, 300 W prototype converter is demonstrated. Using lowcost Si devices, the prototype converter achieves 96% peak total efficiency and maintains above 94.5% drain efficiency across a wide range of voltage and power. This new series-stacked PPT F2 RF amplifier doubles the maximum operating frequency and voltage range of a Class EF or E/F amplifier with benefits in many modern applications that require high-frequency high-power RF signals, like wireless charging for electric vehicles, plasma RF drives, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
Author: Lei Gu (Researcher in power electronics) Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Compact and efficient high-frequency power converters and amplifiers are needed in a variety of applications, including base stations, mobile devices, and medical equipment. The ever-growing need for a smaller size, longer battery life, and lower cost introduces challenging design considerations for radio-frequency power converters. Today, these radio-frequency resonant converters use harmonic tuning to shape the voltage or current waveform of the switching device, with the primary goals of reducing device stress and increasing achievable efficiency. Although harmonic-tuned resonant converters can be very compact and efficient for a certain condition, significant challenges remain to widespread adoption, including limited high-efficiency range, complicated design procedures, and higher device stress compared with conventional approaches. This thesis presents circuit techniques that can extend the voltage, frequency, and efficiency ranges of radio-frequency power converters and provides more straightforward analysis and easy-to-implement design procedures. This thesis first presents a multi-resonant gate driver circuit developed using the harmonic wave-shaping technique that significantly reduces the high-frequency gate driving losses for Si and SiC MOSFETs. By controlling different harmonic components of an ideal square wave, we can resonantly shape a quasi-square voltage waveform at the gate. This gate driver is simple to control and has a low component count. Compared with a sine wave gate signal, this method reduces the transition time between the MOSFET is fully enhanced and turned-off, driving down the switching losses. Compared with similar multi-resonant drivers that are self-oscillating, this driver reduces the long start-up time required to reach steady-state. Intuitive design methodologies based on the frequency-domain plot are introduced. Using this technique, we are able to resonantly drive a Si MOSFET at 20 MHz and recycle 60% of the hard-switching gate-driving loss. We also demonstrate this driver on a SiC MOSFET switching at 30 MHz and save 80% of the hard-switching loss. Modern applications demand power converters to maintain a constant voltage output with high efficiency across significant load variation. This thesis presents a bidirectional dc-dc converter that enables efficient fixed-ratio voltage conversion at tens of megahertz. By selecting a proper matching network for the intermediate gain stage, we address multiple challenges simultaneously; a) replacing a lossy passive diode with a more efficient active transistor, b) maintaining efficient soft-switching operation, and c) a constant voltage conversion ratio over a wide load range. A 64 MHz, 12 W, 36 V-to-12 V prototype converter with 75% peak efficiency verifies the operation of the structure. An interleaved configuration is then proposed to improve the efficiency and transient performance of a single-phase structure. A 13.56 MHz, 210 V-to-30 V prototype converter with 90% peak efficiency at 200 W demonstrates the advantages of this proposed structure. RF power amplifiers underpin many systems that support our modern infrastructure. The Class EF and E/F family of harmonic-tuned switch-mode amplifiers have simple gate drives, reduced voltage stress, and higher output power capabilities than a conventional Class E circuit. To best utilize the performance potential of this family of circuits, this thesis presents a novel push-pull Phi2 (EF2) amplifier using interleaving and series-stacking techniques, denoted as a PPT Phi2 circuit. This series-stacked PPT Phi2 circuit combines all of the main advantages of different topologies, like the simplicity of gate driving, highest cut-off frequency, lowest voltage stress, and load-invariant operation. A compact 6.78 MHz, 100 V, 300 W prototype converter is demonstrated. Using lowcost Si devices, the prototype converter achieves 96% peak total efficiency and maintains above 94.5% drain efficiency across a wide range of voltage and power. This new series-stacked PPT F2 RF amplifier doubles the maximum operating frequency and voltage range of a Class EF or E/F amplifier with benefits in many modern applications that require high-frequency high-power RF signals, like wireless charging for electric vehicles, plasma RF drives, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
Author: Jingying Hu (Ph. D.) Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 166
Book Description
The mass and volume required for power electronics circuitry is a dominant obstacle to the miniaturization and integration of many systems. Likewise, power electronics with greater bandwidth and efficiency are becoming vital in many applications. To realize smaller and highly responsive power electronics at low voltages, this thesis explores devices, circuits, and passives capable of operating efficiently at very high frequencies (VHF, 30-300 MHz). Operation at these frequencies enables reduction of the numerical values and physical size of the passive components that dominate power converters, and enables increased bandwidth and transient performance which is valuable in a multitude of low-voltage and low-power applications. This thesis explores the scaling of magnetic component size with frequency, and it is shown that substantial miniaturization is possible with increased frequencies even considering material and heat transfer limitations. Moreover, the impact of frequency scaling of power converters on magnetic components is investigated for different design criteria. Quantitative examples of magnetics scaling are provided that clearly demonstrate the benefits and opportunities in VHF magnetics design. It is shown to utilize the advantages of frequency scaling on passive component size that system losses and other limitations must be considered. One such area that is examined is semiconductor device requirements, where through a combination of device layout optimization for cascode structures and integrated gate drive designs on a 0.35-um CMOS process, converter performance (i.e., loss and bandwidth) can be significantly improved in the VHF regime. In this thesis a dc-dc converter topology is developed that is suitable for low-voltage power conversion and employs synchronous rectification to improve efficiency. The converter is also comprised of a high-bandwidth and high-switching-frequency inverter topology that can dynamically adjust the output power from one-quarter to full power, while maintaining good efficiency. Furthermore, with its inherent capability of gate-width switching, the inverter can further reduce gating loss by one-half resulting in substantial performance improvements at light load operation. A major contribution of this thesis is the development of a synchronous rectifier operating in the VHF regime. VHF power conversion is especially challenging at low voltages due to poor efficiency resulting from rectification loss. To overcome diode rectification loss, the benefits of synchronous rectification are discussed in the context of a 100MHz class-E resonant rectifier, which results in a 2.5 x overall converter efficiency improvement. The culmination of the developed design techniques in passives, semiconductor devices, and circuit topologies is an experimental prototype of a miniaturized 100MHz, 1W power converter utilizing synchronous rectification.
Author: Alexander S. Jurkov Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 304
Book Description
A diverse range of radio-frequency (RF) power applications demand RF power generation systems that allow for dynamic output power control while having the capability to efficiently deliver power into a varying load. While some of these existing and emerging applications are characterized with narrowband or single-frequency operation, others require operation over a range of frequencies. In such applications, the system architecture typically comprises an RF power amplifier (PA) or inverter along with a tunable impedance matching network (TMN). Electronically-controlled TMNs offer substantial benefits when it comes to the implementability of such highly reconfigurable and adaptive RF systems as they allow for proper impedance termination of the PA or inverter over the operating load and frequency range. This work explores the design of TMNs based on a solid-state technique that allows for faster and more accurate impedance matching compared to traditional approaches. The performance and design of such TMNs is demonstrated for plasma driving applications at 13.56 MHz. In addition, this work proposes techniques for designing switched-mode RF inverters that can operate efficiently over a wide load impedance range. These techniques are applied to the design of class E and class [Phi]2 inverter prototypes at 27.12 MHz, and their ability to handle large load modulation while maintaining high operating efficiency is demonstrated. The techniques presented in this work can be further applied to the integration of an RF power amplifier/inverter and a TMN into a single multi-transistor architecture capable of efficiently operating across frequency and load variation while providing dynamic output power control.
Author: Qizheng Gu Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9780387241616 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 504
Book Description
This book is for RF Engineers and, in particular, those engineers focusing mostly on RF systems and RFIC design. The author develops systematic methods for RF systems design, complete with a comprehensive set of design formulas. Its focus on mobile station transmitter and receiver system design also applies to transceiver design of other wireless systems such as WLAN. This comprehensive reference work covers a wide range of topics from general principles of communication theory, as it applies to digital radio designs to specific examples on implementing multimode mobile systems.
Author: Taimoor Khan Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1000257843 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 172
Book Description
This book focuses on elementary concepts of both radio frequency energy harvesting (RFEH) and wireless power transfer (WPT), and highlights their fundamental requirements followed by recent advancements. It provides a systematic overview of the key components required for RFEH and WPT applications and also comprehensively introduces the pioneering research advancements achieved to date. The state-of-the-art circuit design topologies for the two different applications are presented mainly in terms of antenna operating frequencies, polarization characteristics, efficient matching network circuits, rectifier topologies, and overall rectenna systems. The book serves as a single point of reference for practicing engineers and researchers searching for potential sources and elements involved in the RFEH system as well as in the WPT system, and need rapid training and design guidelines in the following areas: • Different sensing elements used in RFEH and WPT • Inclusions of mathematical expressions and design problems • Illustration of some design examples and performance enhancement techniques
Author: Anthony David Sagneri Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 325
Book Description
Power electronics appear in nearly every piece of modern electronic hardware, forming an essential conduit from electrical source to load. Portable electronics, an area where a premium is placed on size, weight, and cost, are driving the development of power systems with greater density and better manufacturability. This motivates a push to higher switching frequencies enabling smaller passive components and better integration. To realize these goals this thesis explores devices, circuits, and passives capable of operating efficiently into the VHF regime (30-300 MHz) and their integration into power electronic systems of high power density. A good integrated power MOSFET presages high-density converters. Previous VHF systems were demonstrated with bulky and expensive RF Lateral, Double-Diffused MOSFETs (LDMOSFET). We show that through a combination of layout optimization and safe operating area (SOA) extension integrated devices can achieve near-parity performance to their purpose-built RF discrete cousins over the desired operating regime. A layout optimization method demonstrating a 2x reduction in device loss is presented alongside experimental demonstration of SOA extension. Together the methods yield a 3x reduction in loss that bolsters the utility of the typical (and relatively inexpensive) LDMOS IC power process for VHF converters. Passive component synthesis is addressed in the context of an isolated VHF converter topology. We present a VHF topology where most of the magnetic energy storage is accomplished in a transformer that forms an essential part of the resonant network. The reduced component count aids in manufacturability and size, but places difficult requirements on the transformer design. An algorithm for synthesizing small and efficient air-core transformers with a fully-constrained inductance matrix is presented. Planar PCB transformers are fabricated and match the the design specifications to within 15%. They are 94% efficient and have a power density greater than 2kW per cubic inch. To take full advantage of good devices and printed passives, we develop an IC for the isolated converter having optimized power devices, and integrated gate driver, controller, and hotel functions. The chip is assembled into a complete converter system using the transformers and circuits described above. Flip-chip mounting is used to overcome bondwire parasitics, and reduce packaging volume. The final system achieves 75% efficiency at 75 MHz at 6W.
Author: Andrei Grebennikov Publisher: McGraw Hill Professional ISBN: 0071782990 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 433
Book Description
This is a rigorous tutorial on radio frequency and microwave power amplifier design, teaching the circuit design techniques that form the microelectronic backbones of modern wireless communications systems. Suitable for self-study, corporate training, or Senior/Graduate classroom use, the book combines analytical calculations and computer-aided design techniques to arm electronic engineers with every possible method to improve their designs and shorten their design time cycles.
Author: Manuel Arias Publisher: MDPI ISBN: 3036507027 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 188
Book Description
In this book, nine papers focusing on different fields of power electronics are gathered, all of which are in line with the present trends in research and industry. Given the generality of the Special Issue, the covered topics range from electrothermal models and losses models in semiconductors and magnetics to converters used in high-power applications. In this last case, the papers address specific problems such as the distortion due to zero-current detection or fault investigation using the fast Fourier transform, all being focused on analyzing the topologies of high-power high-density applications, such as the dual active bridge or the H-bridge multilevel inverter. All the papers provide enough insight in the analyzed issues to be used as the starting point of any research. Experimental or simulation results are presented to validate and help with the understanding of the proposed ideas. To summarize, this book will help the reader to solve specific problems in industrial equipment or to increase their knowledge in specific fields.
Author: Morteza S Alavi Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0128025034 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 304
Book Description
With the proliferation of wireless networks, there is a need for more compact, low-cost, power efficient transmitters that are capable of supporting the various communication standards, including Bluetooth, WLAN, GSM/EDGE, WCDMA and 4G of 3GPP cellular. This book describes a novel idea of RF digital-to-analog converters (RFDAC) and demonstrates how they can realize all-digital, fully-integrated RF transmitters that support all the current multi-mode and multi-band communication standards. With this book the reader will: Understand the challenges of realizing a universal CMOS RF transmitter Recognize the design issues and the advantages and disadvantages related to analog and digital transmitter architectures Master designing an RF transmitter from system level modeling techniques down to circuit designs and their related layout know-hows Grasp digital polar and I/Q calibration techniques as well as the digital predistortion approaches Learn how to generate appropriate digital I/Q baseband signals in order to apply them to the test chip and measure the RF-DAC performance. Highlights the benefits and implementation challenges of software-defined transmitters using CMOS technology Includes various types of analog and digital RF transmitter architectures for wireless applications Presents an all-digital polar RFDAC transmitter architecture and describes in detail its implementation Presents a new all-digital I/Q RFDAC transmitter architecture and its implementation Provides comprehensive design techniques from system level to circuit level Introduces several digital predistortion techniques which can be used in RF transmitters Describes the entire flow of system modeling, circuit simulation, layout techniques and the measurement process
Author: Marian K. Kazimierczuk Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1118844343 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 685
Book Description
This second edition of the highly acclaimed RF Power Amplifiers has been thoroughly revised and expanded to reflect the latest challenges associated with power transmitters used in communications systems. With more rigorous treatment of many concepts, the new edition includes a unique combination of class-tested analysis and industry-proven design techniques. Radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers are the fundamental building blocks used in a vast variety of wireless communication circuits, radio and TV broadcasting transmitters, radars, wireless energy transfer, and industrial processes. Through a combination of theory and practice, RF Power Amplifiers, Second Edition provides a solid understanding of the key concepts, the principle of operation, synthesis, analysis, and design of RF power amplifiers. This extensive update boasts: up to date end of chapter summaries; review questions and problems; an expansion on key concepts; new examples related to real-world applications illustrating key concepts and brand new chapters covering ‘hot topics’ such as RF LC oscillators and dynamic power supplies. Carefully edited for superior readability, this work remains an essential reference for research & development staff and design engineers. Senior level undergraduate and graduate electrical engineering students will also find it an invaluable resource with its practical examples & summaries, review questions and end of chapter problems. Key features: • A fully revised solutions manual is now hosted on a companion website alongside new simulations. • Extended treatment of a broad range of topologies of RF power amplifiers. • In-depth treatment of state-of-the art of modern transmitters and a new chapter on oscillators. • Includes problem-solving methodology, step-by-step derivations and closed-form design equations with illustrations.
Author: Lei Gu (Researcher in power electronics)
Author: Lei Gu (Researcher in power electronics)
Author: Jingying Hu (Ph. D.)
Author: Alexander S. Jurkov
Author: Qizheng Gu
Author: Taimoor Khan
Author: Anthony David Sagneri
Author: Andrei Grebennikov
Author: Manuel Arias
Author: Morteza S Alavi
Author: Marian K. Kazimierczuk