Author: Heinz Rupp Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1461543517 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 227
Book Description
The special issue of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry focuses on `Control of Gene Expression by Catecholamines and the Renin-Angiotensin System' in health and disease. In recent years, great progress has been made in the understanding of catecholamine and angiotensin II modulated gene expression. There is also increasing evidence that catecholamine and angiotensin II induced cellular injury not solely arises from classical pathways but also from a perturbed gene expression. Taking into account that catecholamines and angiotensin II are vital for a balanced gene expression of many cells, the intriguing possibility arises that various disease are initiated or aggravated by such an imbalance. Catecholamine and angiotensin II influences can be in excess arising from, for example, hypercaloric food intake or psychosocial stress. During early progression of heart failure, sympathetic activity and angiotensin II influences also become increased. Due to beta-adrenergic receptor downregulation, depressed catecholamine influences are expected in the final stage of heart failure. An imbalanced influence of catecholamines and angiotensin II on gene expression leads to disordered molecular structures of the cell and an impaired cell function. This focused issue is organized into chapters concentrating on catecholamines, angiotensin II, and the interaction between catecholamines and angiotensin II. Basic biochemical processes are covered in detail and the potential of these pathways for explaining chronic diseases associated with excess catecholamine and angiotensin II influences should become apparent. It is hoped that this focussed issue triggers novel research into the development of drugs that are targeted at diseases characterized by an imbalanced gene expression involving catecholamines and angiotensin II.
Author: Mohan K. Raizada Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1351078941 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 591
Book Description
Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Renin-Angiotensin System provides the first review and update of the state-of-the-art cellular and molecular aspects of the renin-angiotensin system. The book presents detailed analyses from world experts on each component of this system, including future directions. Topics range from angiotensin II receptor subtypes to processing of renin to the use of transgenic animal models for studying the role of this system in hypertension. Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Renin-Angiotensin System is essential reading for physiologists of the renin-angiotensin system, endocrinologists, cardiovascular specialists, renal physiologists, and neurobiologists.
Author: Walmor C. De Mello Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 0470862947 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 256
Book Description
Recent studies have shown that the heart possesses an intrinsic renin angiotensin system that is controlled by tissue-specific parameters that are activated by biomechanical stress. This book reviews the latest information on the way in which both the plasma and cardiac renin angiotensin systems affect heart function. It covers the cell and molecular biology of these systems, with contributions on renin synthesis, uptake and the intracellular signalling pathways. Particular insight comes from transgenic mouse models in which either mouse or human genes for various components of the renin angiotensin system are expressed. Other topics covered include wound healing as well as the trophic effects of aldosterone. Contains the most recent findings on the renin angiotensin system and the heart Written by an international team of distinguished scientists Covers both the cellular and molecular basis of the renin angiotensin system and the clinical relevance of this research
Author: Joseph Harding Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0323159117 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 251
Book Description
Angiotensin and Blood Pressure Regulation examines the role of angiotensin in blood pressure regulation, with emphasis on its ability to influence the inotropic state directly via activation of myocardial receptors and indirectly by potentiating the release of catecholamines from sympathetic nerve terminals. The book also explains how angiotensin acts directly to regulate thirst and sodium appetite, and via antidiuretic hormone to control water reabsorption in the kidney. This book is comprised of eight chapters and begins with a review of the neuronal actions of angiotensin, primarily those in the brain, as well as the location and function of brain angiotensin II receptors. The effects of angiotensin on elements of the vascular wall and myocardium are also discussed, along with its function in hypovolemia, reproduction, and neurotransmission. Subsequent chapters explore some basic and functional considerations of the renin-angiotensin system in the brain; the biochemical processing that is required for angiotensin activation and inactivation; how angiotensin affects peripheral resistance; and the potency of angiotensin III as a pressor and dipsogenic agent in normotensive and hypertensive animal models. This monograph will be a useful resource for pharmacologists and physiologists.
Author: Annette D. De Kloet Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 153
Book Description
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is best-known as an endocrine system that regulates hydromineral balance and cardiovascular function. More recently, it has become evident that the RAS acts in an autocrine or paracrine fashion within many tissues to influence obesity and its comorbidities. The goal of these studies was to test specific hypotheses relating to how angiotensin-II (Ang-II; an end-product of the RAS) influences energy and glucose homeostasis. The overall hypothesis is that Ang-II acts in the brain to promote negative energy balance and peripherally to enhance energy storage. To assess the role of the RAS in energy and glucose homeostasis, body weight and composition, food intake and glucose tolerance were examined in rats given captopril. Captopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that prevents circulating Ang-II from being formed but does not readily access the brain. Rats fed either high-fat or low-fat diet and given captopril weighed less, had less body fat, and had improved glucose tolerance relative to controls. Rats given captopril also ate significantly less than free-fed controls, and comparisons to pair-fed controls indicated that the reduced weight gain and adiposity and improved glucose tolerance were due primarily to decreased food intake. Because systemic captopril elevates plasma and consequently brain angiotensin-I (Ang-I; the precursor for Ang-II and substrate for ACE), but does not itself enter the brain, we further hypothesized that still-active brain ACE would convert the increased Ang-I into Ang-II, and that the increased central Ang-II would contribute to systemic captopril-induced negative energy balance. Consistent with this, the reduction in food intake elicited by peripheral captopril was reversed by co-administration of the ACE inhibitor into the brain. These results suggest that captopril protects against diet-induced obesity, in part by elevating central Ang-II levels. These studies were extended by directly evaluating the role of RAS in the CNS regulation of energy balance. Osmotic minipumps were used to chronically administer Ang-II to rats in order to examine the effect of increased brain Ang-II signaling on energy balance. Chronic elevation of central Ang-II signaling resulted in reduced food intake, body weight gain and adiposity. The decrease in body weight and adiposity occurred relative to free-fed and pair-fed controls, implying that reduced food intake, in and of itself, does not underlie all of these effects. Consistent with this, rats administered Ang-II exhibited increased energy expenditure and enhanced expression of indices of adipose tissue sympathetic activation. Moreover, chronic icv Ang-II increased the anorectic corticotrophin-releasing and thyroid-releasing hormones within the hypothalamus. This hypothalamic gene expression profile coupled with the abundant angiotensin type-1 receptor expression within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) led to the hypothesis that the PVN angiotensin type-1 receptor population may contribute to some of these processes. This hypothesis is discussed in the final chapter. Collectively, the experiments included in this dissertation support the overall hypothesis that Ang-II acts within the CNS to promote negative energy balance, and suggest that some contributing mechanisms include reduced food intake, elevated energy expenditure and enhanced sympathetic activation of adipose tissue.
Author: Institute of Medicine Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309101964 Category : Social Science Languages : en Pages : 385
Book Description
Over the past century, we have made great strides in reducing rates of disease and enhancing people's general health. Public health measures such as sanitation, improved hygiene, and vaccines; reduced hazards in the workplace; new drugs and clinical procedures; and, more recently, a growing understanding of the human genome have each played a role in extending the duration and raising the quality of human life. But research conducted over the past few decades shows us that this progress, much of which was based on investigating one causative factor at a time—often, through a single discipline or by a narrow range of practitioners—can only go so far. Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment examines a number of well-described gene-environment interactions, reviews the state of the science in researching such interactions, and recommends priorities not only for research itself but also for its workforce, resource, and infrastructural needs.
Author: Ulla Kopp Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers ISBN: 1615042318 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 99
Book Description
The kidney is innervated with efferent sympathetic nerve fibers reaching the renal vasculature, the tubules, the juxtaglomerular granular cells, and the renal pelvic wall. The renal sensory nerves are mainly found in the renal pelvic wall. Increases in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity reduce renal blood flow and urinary sodium excretion by activation of α1-adrenoceptors and increase renin secretion rate by activation of β1-adrenoceptors. In response to normal physiological stimulation, changes in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity contribute importantly to homeostatic regulation of sodium and water balance. The renal mechanosensory nerves are activated by stretch of the renal pelvic tissue produced by increases in renal pelvic tissue of a magnitude that may occur during increased urine flow rate. Activation of the sensory nerves elicits an inhibitory renorenal reflex response consisting of decreases in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity leading to natriuresis. Increasing efferent sympathetic nerve activity increases afferent renal nerve activity which, in turn, decreases efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity by activation of the renorenal reflexes. Thus, activation of the afferent renal nerves buffers changes in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity in the overall goal of maintaining sodium balance. In pathological conditions of sodium retention, impairment of the inhibitory renorenal reflexes contributes to an inappropriately increased efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity in the presence of sodium retention. In states of renal disease or injury, there is a shift from inhibitory to excitatory reflexes originating in the kidney. Studies in essential hypertensive patients have shown that renal denervation results in long-term reduction in arterial pressure, suggesting an important role for the efferent and afferent renal nerves in hypertension. Table of Contents: Part I: Efferent Renal Sympathetic Nerves / Introduction / Neuroanatomy / Neural Control of Renal Hemodynamics / Neural Control of Renal Tubular Function / Neural Control of Renin Secretion Rate / Part II: Afferent Renal Sensory Nerves / Introduction / Neuroanatomy / Renorenal Reflexes / Mechanisms Involved in the Activation of Afferent Renal Sensory Nerves / Part III: Pathophysiological States / Efferent Renal Sympathetic Nerves / Afferent Renal Sensory Nerves / Conclusions / References
Author: Heinz Rupp
Author: Mohan K. Raizada
Author: Walmor C. De Mello
Author: Martin Patrick Kelly
Author: Joseph Harding
Author: Yueling Guo
Author: Annette D. De Kloet
Author: Institute of Medicine
Author: Ulla Kopp
Author: