Composting, a Safe Disposal Method for Infected Animal Carcasses PDF Download

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781100100500
Category : Dead animal disposal
Languages : en
Pages :

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Author: Miller, L.P., Miknis, R.A. and Flory, G.A..
Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN: 9251337438
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 56

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Book Description
Animal disease outbreaks pose many challenges for response authorities that can impact livelihoods, food security, and the environment. Proper disposal of animal carcasses that die or are culled during the outbreak is a key component of a successful response to a disease outbreak because it helps prevent or mitigate the further spread of pathogens and in case of zoonotic disease, to further protect human health. The practical guidelines presented hereby provide carcass and related waste management considerations and recommended procedures for use by Veterinary Services and other official response authorities when developing animal disease outbreak containment and eradication plans. The guidelines apply to animal disease outbreaks of varying sizes, whether the outbreak is isolated to a single premise or spans a region to cover numerous premises. However, they are focused on small to medium-sized holdings in countries without access to engineered landfills, rendering plants or controlled incinerators. The guidelines are written in the spirit of “keep it simple and doable”, considering the limited human and financial resources that many countries are constrained with. Its presentation and practical approach ensure that countries will find it very useful for their emergency operation procedures toolbox. Further, the guidelines directly contribute to the one-health approach by protecting the health of animals, humans, and the environment.

Author: Dawn P. Wooley
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1683673131
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 953

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Book Description
Biological safety and biosecurity protocols are essential to the reputation and responsibility of every scientific institution, whether research, academic, or production. Every risk—no matter how small—must be considered, assessed, and properly mitigated. If the science isn't safe, it isn't good. Now in its fifth edition, Biological safety: Principles and Practices remains the most comprehensive biosafety reference. Led by editors Karen Byers and Dawn Wooley, a team of expert contributors have outlined the technical nuts and bolts of biosafety and biosecurity within these pages. This book presents the guiding principles of laboratory safety, including: the identification, assessment, and control of the broad variety of risks encountered in the lab; the production facility; and, the classroom. Specifically, Biological Safety covers protection and control elements—from biosafety level cabinets and personal protection systems to strategies and decontamination methods administrative concerns in biorisk management, including regulations, guidelines, and compliance various aspects of risk assessment covering bacterial pathogens, viral agents, mycotic agents, protozoa and helminths, gene transfer vectors, zooonotic agents, allergens, toxins, and molecular agents as well as decontamination, aerobiology, occupational medicine, and training A resource for biosafety professionals, instructors, and those who work with pathogenic agents in any capacity, Biological safety is also a critical reference for laboratory managers, and those responsible for managing biohazards in a range of settings, including basic and agricultural research, clinical laboratories, the vivarium, field study, insectories, and greenhouses.

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Animal waste
Languages : en
Pages : 398

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Author: Bridget M. Donaldson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Compost
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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More than 48,700 deer-vehicle collisions occurred in Virginia from 2010 through 2011, the fifth highest number in all U.S. states. The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) is responsible for the removal and disposal of animal carcasses along the state road system. The predominant methods currently used (landfill and burial) have several costly disadvantages, including long travel distances to landfills, increasing landfill restrictions, and lack of viable burial areas. Other states have found static compost windrows to be an easy and cost-effective carcass management technique. Deer mortality static compost windrows were monitored for 1 year under conditions typical of a VDOT area maintenance headquarters facility. Windrows were analyzed for pathogen destruction and the degree to which underlying soil filtered leachate contaminants. In response to high windrow temperatures, indicator pathogens E. coli, Salmonella were reduced by 99.99% the first sampling day (Day 7) and ascarids were deemed non-viable by Day 77. Soil filtration of leachate was effective in reducing concentrations of ammonia, chloride, and total organic carbon. Nitrate, a contaminant of particular regulatory concern, had an estimated mass contaminant loss of 1.9 lb/acre, compared to the 8 to 45 lb/acre estimated loss from fertilizer application on agronomic crops in Virginia. Results from this study indicate that with properly constructed static compost windrows, (1) high temperatures destroy indicator pathogens; (2) the natural filtration of leachate through soil reduces deer mortality contaminant concentrations; and (3) the low volume of leachate from windrows results in nominal losses of nitrate and other contaminants. The study recommends that VDOT consider sharing these results with the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality to discuss options for a statewide composting program. This could provide VDOT with an additional carcass management option.

Author: Paige Elizabeth Doklovic
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Animals
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Three studies were completed to address common challenges related to composting mass animal mortalities. The first study investigated the impact of water-based depopulation foam (WBDF) and straw on composting whole swine carcasses. For trial 1 (148 days), two windrows were constructed, and each was split into two halves: one half including WBDF and the other without. One windrow core consisted of sawdust and carcasses; the other windrow core consisted of sawdust, carcasses, and chopped rye straw. For trial 2 (101 days), two windrows were constructed, both containing WBDF. One windrow core consisted of sawdust and carcasses, whereas the other windrow core consisted of sawdust, carcasses, and wheat straw. Windrows were turned on days 80 and 58 for trials 1 and 2, respectively. Continuous automatic temperatures, weekly handheld temperatures, percent moisture, pH, and totals of Nitrogen, Carbon, organic matter, ash, Phosphorus, and Potassium were measured. Pathogen-destructive temperatures (≥55 °C, ≥131 °F) were achieved in all treatments for both trials. Compacted straw during turning and intact straw at designated trial endpoints was observed. In conclusion, data provided evidence that whole swine carcasses ± WBDF will decompose in a windrow core of sawdust ± straw. The second study investigated the composting efficacy of ground turkey carcasses blended with different amounts of carbon amendment for 50 days. Mechanically ground turkey carcasses were mixed with carbon amendment to achieve four different core compost ratios (weight/weight): 0.25:1; 0.5:1; 0.75:1; and 1:1. Compost mixtures were placed into 208-L (55-gal) reactors that simulated a full-sized windrow. Each reactor had a base and cap of carbon amendment. Continuous automatic temperatures and compost weight, volume, bulk density, porosity, percent moisture, total Nitrogen, and total Carbon were measured. All treatments were able to reach thermophilic temperatures (43-63 °C, 110-150 °F) and effectively decompose carcass tissue. Data indicated that composting ratios evaluated could all be scaled up for future studies. The third study investigated the effects of poultry carcass grinding and core carbon amendment optimization on mortality composting efficiency, in both 208-L (55-gal) reactors and full-sized, outdoor windrows. Four reactors and four windrows were constructed from turkey carcasses and carbon amendment which were passed concurrently through a horizontal grinder according to each of the following carbon:carcass ratios (w/w): 0.25:1, 0.5:1, 0.75:1 and 1:1. A fifth whole carcass windrow was also created. Windrows were each turned three times over a 92-day period; compost within each reactor was mixed three times over a 56-day period. Weekly handheld temperatures, visual observations, and soil samples were collected in the windrow trial. Carbon dioxide emissions and compost weights and volumes were measured in the reactor trial. Continuous automatic temperatures, bulk density, percent moisture, pH, and totals of Nitrogen, Carbon, organic matter, ash, Phosphorus, and Potassium were measured in both trials. Thermophilic composting temperatures were achieved in all treatments of both trials. Additional results indicate physical and chemical similarities across treatments upon completion of composting. In total, data suggested that ground carcasses could fully decompose with as much as a 75 percent reduction in core carbon amendment.

Author: Josep García Sirera
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agricultural wastes
Languages : en
Pages : 168

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Author: W. A. Geering
Publisher: Fao
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 154

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Book Description
African swine fever (ASF) is a disease with a mortality rate close to 100 percent. There is no vaccine and no conventional treatment against the disease. To reduce the effects caused by ASF outbreaks, optimal response mechanisms against probable ASF emergency disease situations need to be planned and rehearsed so that the disease can be controlled and eradicated in the most rapid and cost-effective way. These plans should be refined from time to time through simulation exercises and personnel should be trained in their individual roles and responsibilities. This manual provides information on the nature of ASF, and on the principles of, and strategic options for its prevention, control and elimination. Guidelines are given for individual countries threatened by ASF to formulate their own national policy on control and eradication of a possible incursion of the disease. The manual identifies both personnel and equipment and other facilities that are needed in a national ASF contingency plan. An outline of the suggested format and contents of a national contingency plan is also provided as a guide, which can be modified to suit the needs and circumstances of individual countries.

Author: Robert Rynk
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0323856039
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 1006

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Book Description
The Composting Handbook provides a single guide to the science, principles and best practices of composting for large-scale composting operations facing a variety of opportunities and challenges converting raw organic materials into a useful and marketable product. Composting is a well-established and increasingly important method to recycle and add value to organic by-products. Many, if not most, of the materials composting treats are discarded materials that would otherwise place a burden on communities, industries, farms and the environment. Composting converts these materials into a valuable material, compost, that regenerates soils improving soils for plant growth and environmental conservation. The Composting Handbook expands on previously available resources by incorporating new information, new subjects and new practices, drawing its content from current scientific principles, research, engineering and industry experience. In both depth and breadth, it covers the knowledge that a compost producer needs to succeed. Topics include the composting process, methods of composting, equipment, site requirements, environmental issues and impacts, business knowledge, safety, and the qualities, uses and markets for the compost products. The Composting Handbook is an invaluable reference for composting facility managers and operators, prospective managers and operators, regulators, policy makers, environmental advocates, educators, waste generators and managers and generally people interested in composting as a business or a solution. It is also appropriate as a textbook for college courses and a supplemental text for training courses about composting or organic waste management. - Created in conjunction with the Compost Research and Education Foundation (CREF) - Includes the latest information on composting and compost, providing the first comprehensive resource in decades - Written with focus on both academic and industrial insights and advances

Author: Subhash Verma
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9811693927
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 306

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Book Description
This book is a comprehensive guide for veterinary and humanitarian professionals to plan emergency responses for the care and welfare of animals. It covers various topics on disasters, such as principles of disaster management, operation planning, team deployment, etc., from the perspective of saving both livestock and the livelihood of vulnerable communities. The book also discusses the importance of early warning systems, biosecurity, techniques for data collection, one health approach, climate change, and appropriate mitigation strategies. It highlights different principles, approaches, and guidelines related to the rescue, relief, and management of animals during disasters. It also contains topics on the welfare of birds and the rescue and relief of wild animals. This book includes essential veterinary and life-saving supplies required by the relief providing teams during emergencies such as disasters. The book helps administrators understand the key aspects of welfare and management of animals during disasters and enable them to draft policies focusing on humans and animals’ rescue & welfare and protection of livelihoods. It is an essential guide for veterinarians, humanitarian workers, field functionaries, farmers, disaster response forces personnel, etc., during various types of disasters and emergencies.