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Author: Harald Bachner Publisher: GRIN Verlag ISBN: 3638673669 Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 73
Book Description
Bachelor Thesis from the year 2007 in the subject Computer Science - Technical Computer Science, grade: 1,0, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Vienna (Informations- und Kommunikationssysteme), 29 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: Clock synchronization is a necessary and critical part in most distributed systems. For many years NTP was the state-of-the-art way of synchronizing computer clocks distributed in space. However, as recent advances in miniaturization lead to the construction of smaller, more powerful and less power consuming computers, embedded devices, sensors and actuators, the need for more precise time synchronization grew. This work thus sets out to compare selected approaches to clock synchronization in distributed systems. The well known Global Positioning System is disseminating accurate time and frequency information from the International Institutes that keep the time, NTP can still do the same, but at different levels of accuracy as well as cost. Clock synchronization protocols like IEEE1588 or TTP and bus architectures like FlexRay evolved from the need to further propagate the timing information within small networks and therefore staying within the specified limits of preciseness.
Author: Harald Bachner Publisher: GRIN Verlag ISBN: 3638673669 Category : Computers Languages : en Pages : 73
Book Description
Bachelor Thesis from the year 2007 in the subject Computer Science - Technical Computer Science, grade: 1,0, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Vienna (Informations- und Kommunikationssysteme), 29 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: Clock synchronization is a necessary and critical part in most distributed systems. For many years NTP was the state-of-the-art way of synchronizing computer clocks distributed in space. However, as recent advances in miniaturization lead to the construction of smaller, more powerful and less power consuming computers, embedded devices, sensors and actuators, the need for more precise time synchronization grew. This work thus sets out to compare selected approaches to clock synchronization in distributed systems. The well known Global Positioning System is disseminating accurate time and frequency information from the International Institutes that keep the time, NTP can still do the same, but at different levels of accuracy as well as cost. Clock synchronization protocols like IEEE1588 or TTP and bus architectures like FlexRay evolved from the need to further propagate the timing information within small networks and therefore staying within the specified limits of preciseness.
Author: Marvin Frerking Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9401160562 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 252
Book Description
Crystal oscillators have been in use now for well over SO years-one of the first was built by W. G. Cady in 1921. Today, millions of them are made every year, covering a range of frequencies from a few Kilohertz to several hundred Mega hertz and a range of stabilities from a fraction of one percent to a few parts in ten to the thirteenth, with most of them, by far, still in the range of several tens of parts per million.Their major application has long been the stabilization of fre quencies in transmitters and receivers, and indeed, the utilization of the frequency spectrum would be in utter chaos, and the communication systems as we know them today unthinkable,'without crystal oscillators. With the need to accommodate ever increasing numbers of users in a limited spectrum space, this traditional application will continue to grow for the fore seeable future, and ever tighter tolerances will have to be met by an ever larger percentage of these devices.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309085225 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 89
Book Description
Knowledge of time is essential to precise knowledge of location, and for this reason the Navy, with its need to navigate on the high seas, has historically played an important role in the development and application of advanced time realization and dissemination technologies. Discoveries coming from basic research funded by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) lie at the heart of today's highest performance atomic clocks, Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) expertise played a role in developing the space-qualified atomic clocks that enable the Global Positioning System (GPS), and the U.S. Naval Observatory (USNO) maintains and disseminates the standard of time for all of the Department of Defense (DOD). The Navy has made major investments in most aspects of precision time and time interval (PTTI) science and technology, although specific PTTI-related research has also been funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and non-DOD agencies such as the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the Department of Commerce. Navy funding, largely through ONR, has a history of being an early enabler of key new developments. Judicious funding decisions by the Navy-particularly by ONR program officers-have underpinned most of the major advances in PTTI science and technology (S&T) in the last 50 years. PTTI is important to modern naval needs, and indeed to all the armed Services, for use in both navigation and communications. Precise time synchronization is needed to efficiently determine the start of a code sequence in secure communications, to perform navigation, and to locate the position of signal emitters. Precise frequency control is required in communications for spectrum utilization and frequency-hopped spread-spectrum techniques. There are many examples of essential military operations that depend on PTTI and could benefit from improvements in PTTI technology. These include: -GPS clocks and autonomous operations, -Weapon system four-dimensional coordination, -GPS antijamming, -Network-centric warfare, and -Secure military communications. This report summarizes that reductions in the size, weight, and power requirements and increases in the ruggedness of PTTI devices without sacrificing performance would put more accurate and precise timekeeping in the hands of the warrior, improving capabilities in all of the above operations.
Author: Byron Emerson Blair Publisher: ISBN: Category : Atomic frequency standards Languages : en Pages : 468
Book Description
The document is a tutorial Monograph describing various aspects of time and frequency (T/F). Included are chapters relating to elemental concepts of precise time and frequency; basic principles of quartz oscillators and atomic frequency standards; historical review, recent progress, and current status of atomic frequency standards; promising areas for developing future primary frequency standards; relevance of frequency standards to other areas of metrology including a unified standard concept; statistics of T/F data analysis coupled with the theory and construction of the NBS atomic time scale; an overview of T/F dissemination techniques; and the standards of T/F in the USA. The Monograph addresses both the specialist in the field as well as those desiring basic information about time and frequency. The authors trace the development and scope of T/F technology, its improvement over periods of decades, its status today, and its possible use, applications, and development in days to come.
Author: Parameswar Banerjee Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3031307801 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 312
Book Description
This book provides a comprehensive, systematic description of modern timekeeping and its specializations. Introductory chapters discuss the concept of time and its definition, then briefly look at pre-Atomic Era timekeeping to set the stage for the introduction of the atomic clock. Subsequent chapters focus on concepts such as frequency stability and measurement uncertainty, as well as computer network time-synchronization protocols including Network Time Protocol (NTP) and Precise Time Protocol (PTP). The book then delves into the nuts and bolts of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer, and Optical Time and Frequency Transfer. Timescale theory is then described as a way to combine clock data, and the algorithms and procedures used to generate Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) are given. Finally, there is a look at modern applications of timekeeping and time transfer. Featuring a glossary of all key terms, this book is highly recommended for trained or incoming physicists, engineers, or mathematicians working, for example, in manufacturing or timing laboratories. Additionally, it is suitable for use in introductory university courses dealing with the subject of timekeeping.
Author: Yuriy S. Shmaliy Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 9819927307 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 1060
Book Description
This book collects selected aspects of recent advances and experiences, emerging technology trends that have positively impacted our world from operators, authorities, and associations from CCIE 2022, to help address the world’s advanced computing, control technology, information technology, artificial intelligence, machine learning, deep learning, and neural networks. Meanwhile, the topics included in the proceedings have high research value and present current insights, developments, and trends in computing, control, and industrial engineering.
Author: S. Mahdi Kashmiri Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1461464730 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 219
Book Description
This book describes an alternative method of realizing accurate on-chip frequency references in standard CMOS processes. This method exploits the thermal-diffusivity of silicon, i.e. the rate at which heat diffuses through a silicon substrate. This is the first book describing the design of such electrothermal frequency references. It includes the necessary theory, supported by practical realizations that achieve inaccuracies as low as 0.1% and thus demonstrate the feasibility of this approach. The book also includes several circuit and system-level solutions to the precision circuit design challenges encountered during the design of such frequency references.
Author: Harald Bachner
Author: Harald Bachner
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Author: 
Author: Marvin Frerking
Author: National Research Council
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Author: Byron Emerson Blair
Author: Parameswar Banerjee
Author: Yuriy S. Shmaliy
Author: S. Mahdi Kashmiri