Author: U. S. Army Training And Doctrine Command
Publisher: Military Bookshop
ISBN: 9781780399836
Category : Reference
Languages : en
Pages : 316
Book Description
This ATTP consist of 12 chapters and 26 annexes. It incorporates the new mission command taxonomy established in FM 3-0. Chapter 1 provides an overview of mission command. It summarizes the new mission command taxonomy established in change 1 to FM 3-0 (2011). Chapter 2 addresses the staff to include staff organization and the duties and responsibilities of individual staff officers. It updates FM 6-0. Chapter 3 describes how commanders cross-functionally organize their staff into command posts and offers TTP for command post operations. It updates FM 5-0. Chapter 4 describes the military decisionmaking process. It updates FM 5-0. Chapter 5 addresses troop leading procedures-a framework for planning and preparing for operations used by small unit leaders. It updates FM 5-0. Chapter 6 addresses how the commander and staff build and maintain running estimates throughout the operations process. This updates FM 5-0. Chapter 7 provides guidelines to assist commanders and staffs to develop formal assessment plans. This updates FM 5-0. Chapter 8 discusses rehearsal types and techniques. This updates FM 5-0. Chapter 9 discusses liaison principles and the responsibilities of liaison officers and teams. This updates FM 6-0. Chapter 10 provides guidance and formats for military briefings. This updates FM 5-0. Chapter 11 discusses how to prepare staff studies and decision papers, and provides formats for both. This updates FM 5-0. Chapter 12 offers guidelines and provides formats and instruction for building effective plans and orders. This updates FM 5-0. The annexes provide formats and instructions for developing attachments to the base plan or order. The sequence of these annexes corresponds to the Army operation order attachment structure. These formats and instructions are new to Army doctrine.
Commander and Staff Officer Guide: The Official U.S. Army Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures Manual Attp 5-0.1, September 2011
Author: U. S. Army Training And Doctrine Command
Publisher: Military Bookshop
ISBN: 9781780399836
Category : Reference
Languages : en
Pages : 316
Book Description
This ATTP consist of 12 chapters and 26 annexes. It incorporates the new mission command taxonomy established in FM 3-0. Chapter 1 provides an overview of mission command. It summarizes the new mission command taxonomy established in change 1 to FM 3-0 (2011). Chapter 2 addresses the staff to include staff organization and the duties and responsibilities of individual staff officers. It updates FM 6-0. Chapter 3 describes how commanders cross-functionally organize their staff into command posts and offers TTP for command post operations. It updates FM 5-0. Chapter 4 describes the military decisionmaking process. It updates FM 5-0. Chapter 5 addresses troop leading procedures-a framework for planning and preparing for operations used by small unit leaders. It updates FM 5-0. Chapter 6 addresses how the commander and staff build and maintain running estimates throughout the operations process. This updates FM 5-0. Chapter 7 provides guidelines to assist commanders and staffs to develop formal assessment plans. This updates FM 5-0. Chapter 8 discusses rehearsal types and techniques. This updates FM 5-0. Chapter 9 discusses liaison principles and the responsibilities of liaison officers and teams. This updates FM 6-0. Chapter 10 provides guidance and formats for military briefings. This updates FM 5-0. Chapter 11 discusses how to prepare staff studies and decision papers, and provides formats for both. This updates FM 5-0. Chapter 12 offers guidelines and provides formats and instruction for building effective plans and orders. This updates FM 5-0. The annexes provide formats and instructions for developing attachments to the base plan or order. The sequence of these annexes corresponds to the Army operation order attachment structure. These formats and instructions are new to Army doctrine.
Publisher: Military Bookshop
ISBN: 9781780399836
Category : Reference
Languages : en
Pages : 316
Book Description
This ATTP consist of 12 chapters and 26 annexes. It incorporates the new mission command taxonomy established in FM 3-0. Chapter 1 provides an overview of mission command. It summarizes the new mission command taxonomy established in change 1 to FM 3-0 (2011). Chapter 2 addresses the staff to include staff organization and the duties and responsibilities of individual staff officers. It updates FM 6-0. Chapter 3 describes how commanders cross-functionally organize their staff into command posts and offers TTP for command post operations. It updates FM 5-0. Chapter 4 describes the military decisionmaking process. It updates FM 5-0. Chapter 5 addresses troop leading procedures-a framework for planning and preparing for operations used by small unit leaders. It updates FM 5-0. Chapter 6 addresses how the commander and staff build and maintain running estimates throughout the operations process. This updates FM 5-0. Chapter 7 provides guidelines to assist commanders and staffs to develop formal assessment plans. This updates FM 5-0. Chapter 8 discusses rehearsal types and techniques. This updates FM 5-0. Chapter 9 discusses liaison principles and the responsibilities of liaison officers and teams. This updates FM 6-0. Chapter 10 provides guidance and formats for military briefings. This updates FM 5-0. Chapter 11 discusses how to prepare staff studies and decision papers, and provides formats for both. This updates FM 5-0. Chapter 12 offers guidelines and provides formats and instruction for building effective plans and orders. This updates FM 5-0. The annexes provide formats and instructions for developing attachments to the base plan or order. The sequence of these annexes corresponds to the Army operation order attachment structure. These formats and instructions are new to Army doctrine.
Army Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures ATTP 5-0.1 Commander and Staff Officer Guide September 2011
Author: United States Government US Army
Publisher: Lulu.com
ISBN: 1300870877
Category : Reference
Languages : en
Pages : 295
Book Description
This Army tactics, techniques, and procedures (ATTP) reinforces the fundamentals of mission command established in field manual (FM) 3-0, Operations; FM 5-0, The Operations Process; and FM 6-0, Mission Command. Whereas the above manuals focus on the fundamentals of mission command, this manual provides commanders and staff officers with tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) essential for the exercise of mission command.This is a new Army publication. It includes many of the appendices currently found in FM 5-0 and FM 6-0 that addressed the "how to" of mission command. By consolidating this material into a single publication, Army leaders now have a single reference to assist them with TTP associated with planning, preparing for, executing, and continually assessing operations. This ATTP also enables the Army to better focus the material in future editions of FMs 5-0 and 6-0 on the fundamentals of the operations process and mission command, respectively.
Publisher: Lulu.com
ISBN: 1300870877
Category : Reference
Languages : en
Pages : 295
Book Description
This Army tactics, techniques, and procedures (ATTP) reinforces the fundamentals of mission command established in field manual (FM) 3-0, Operations; FM 5-0, The Operations Process; and FM 6-0, Mission Command. Whereas the above manuals focus on the fundamentals of mission command, this manual provides commanders and staff officers with tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) essential for the exercise of mission command.This is a new Army publication. It includes many of the appendices currently found in FM 5-0 and FM 6-0 that addressed the "how to" of mission command. By consolidating this material into a single publication, Army leaders now have a single reference to assist them with TTP associated with planning, preparing for, executing, and continually assessing operations. This ATTP also enables the Army to better focus the material in future editions of FMs 5-0 and 6-0 on the fundamentals of the operations process and mission command, respectively.
Army Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures Attp 5-0.1 Commander and Staff Officer Guide September 2011
Author: United States Government US Army
Publisher: CreateSpace
ISBN: 9781483933764
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 294
Book Description
This Army tactics, techniques, and procedures (ATTP) reinforces the fundamentals of mission command established in field manual (FM) 3-0, Operations; FM 5-0, The Operations Process; and FM 6-0, Mission Command. Whereas the above manuals focus on the fundamentals of mission command, this manual provides commanders and staff officers with tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) essential for the exercise of mission command.This is a new Army publication. It includes many of the appendices currently found in FM 5-0 and FM 6-0 that addressed the "how to" of mission command. By consolidating this material into a single publication, Army leaders now have a single reference to assist them with TTP associated with planning, preparing for, executing, and continually assessing operations. This ATTP also enables the Army to better focus the material in future editions of FMs 5-0 and 6-0 on the fundamentals of the operations process and mission command, respectively.This ATTP consist of 12 chapters and 26 annexes. It incorporates the new mission command taxonomy established in FM 3-0.* Chapter 1 provides an overview of mission command. It summarizes the new mission command taxonomy established in change 1 to FM 3-0 (2011).* Chapter 2 addresses the staff to include staff organization and the duties and responsibilities of individual staff officers. It updates FM 6-0.* Chapter 3 describes how commanders cross-functionally organize their staff into command posts and offers TTP for command post operations. It updates FM 5-0.* Chapter 4 describes the military decision making process. It updates FM 5-0.* Chapter 5 addresses troop leading procedures-a framework for planning and preparing for operations used by small unit leaders. It updates FM 5-0.* Chapter 6 addresses how the commander and staff build and maintain running estimates throughout the operations process. This updates FM 5-0.* Chapter 7 provides guidelines to assist commanders and staffs to develop formal assessment plans. This updates FM 5-0.* Chapter 8 discusses rehearsal types and techniques. This updates FM 5-0.* Chapter 9 discusses liaison principles and the responsibilities of liaison officers and teams. This updates FM 6-0.* Chapter 10 provides guidance and formats for military briefings. This updates FM 5-0.* Chapter 11 discusses how to prepare staff studies and decision papers, and provides formats for both. This updates FM 5-0.* Chapter 12 offers guidelines and provides formats and instruction for building effective plans and orders. This updates FM 5-0.* The annexes provide formats and instructions for developing attachments to the base plan or order. The sequence of these annexes corresponds to the Army operation order attachment structure. These formats and instructions are new to Army doctrine.This ATTP applies to the Active Army, the Army National Guard/Army National Guard of the United States, and the United States Army Reserve unless otherwise stated. While this ATTP applies to all Army leaders, the primary audience is the commander and the staff.Headquarters, U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command, is the proponent for this publication. The preparing agency is the Combined Arms Doctrine Directorate, U.S. Army Combined Arms Center.
Publisher: CreateSpace
ISBN: 9781483933764
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 294
Book Description
This Army tactics, techniques, and procedures (ATTP) reinforces the fundamentals of mission command established in field manual (FM) 3-0, Operations; FM 5-0, The Operations Process; and FM 6-0, Mission Command. Whereas the above manuals focus on the fundamentals of mission command, this manual provides commanders and staff officers with tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) essential for the exercise of mission command.This is a new Army publication. It includes many of the appendices currently found in FM 5-0 and FM 6-0 that addressed the "how to" of mission command. By consolidating this material into a single publication, Army leaders now have a single reference to assist them with TTP associated with planning, preparing for, executing, and continually assessing operations. This ATTP also enables the Army to better focus the material in future editions of FMs 5-0 and 6-0 on the fundamentals of the operations process and mission command, respectively.This ATTP consist of 12 chapters and 26 annexes. It incorporates the new mission command taxonomy established in FM 3-0.* Chapter 1 provides an overview of mission command. It summarizes the new mission command taxonomy established in change 1 to FM 3-0 (2011).* Chapter 2 addresses the staff to include staff organization and the duties and responsibilities of individual staff officers. It updates FM 6-0.* Chapter 3 describes how commanders cross-functionally organize their staff into command posts and offers TTP for command post operations. It updates FM 5-0.* Chapter 4 describes the military decision making process. It updates FM 5-0.* Chapter 5 addresses troop leading procedures-a framework for planning and preparing for operations used by small unit leaders. It updates FM 5-0.* Chapter 6 addresses how the commander and staff build and maintain running estimates throughout the operations process. This updates FM 5-0.* Chapter 7 provides guidelines to assist commanders and staffs to develop formal assessment plans. This updates FM 5-0.* Chapter 8 discusses rehearsal types and techniques. This updates FM 5-0.* Chapter 9 discusses liaison principles and the responsibilities of liaison officers and teams. This updates FM 6-0.* Chapter 10 provides guidance and formats for military briefings. This updates FM 5-0.* Chapter 11 discusses how to prepare staff studies and decision papers, and provides formats for both. This updates FM 5-0.* Chapter 12 offers guidelines and provides formats and instruction for building effective plans and orders. This updates FM 5-0.* The annexes provide formats and instructions for developing attachments to the base plan or order. The sequence of these annexes corresponds to the Army operation order attachment structure. These formats and instructions are new to Army doctrine.This ATTP applies to the Active Army, the Army National Guard/Army National Guard of the United States, and the United States Army Reserve unless otherwise stated. While this ATTP applies to all Army leaders, the primary audience is the commander and the staff.Headquarters, U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command, is the proponent for this publication. The preparing agency is the Combined Arms Doctrine Directorate, U.S. Army Combined Arms Center.
Commander and Staff Officer Guide (ATTP 5-0. 1)
Author: Department of the Army
Publisher: Createspace Independent Pub
ISBN: 9781481107761
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 312
Book Description
This Army tactics, techniques, and procedures (ATTP) publication, “Commander and Staff Officer Guide,” reinforces the fundamentals of mission command established in field manual (FM) 3-0, Operations; FM 5-0, The Operations Process; and FM 6-0, Mission Command. Whereas the above manuals focus on the fundamentals of mission command, this manual provides commanders and staff officers with tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) essential for the exercise of mission command. This is a new Army publication. It includes many of the appendices currently found in FM 5-0 and FM 6-0 that addressed the “how to” of mission command. By consolidating this material into a single publication, Army leaders now have a single reference to assist them with TTP associated with planning, preparing for, executing, and continually assessing operations. This ATTP also enables the Army to better focus the material in future editions of FMs 5-0 and 6-0 on the fundamentals of the operations process and mission command, respectively.
Publisher: Createspace Independent Pub
ISBN: 9781481107761
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 312
Book Description
This Army tactics, techniques, and procedures (ATTP) publication, “Commander and Staff Officer Guide,” reinforces the fundamentals of mission command established in field manual (FM) 3-0, Operations; FM 5-0, The Operations Process; and FM 6-0, Mission Command. Whereas the above manuals focus on the fundamentals of mission command, this manual provides commanders and staff officers with tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) essential for the exercise of mission command. This is a new Army publication. It includes many of the appendices currently found in FM 5-0 and FM 6-0 that addressed the “how to” of mission command. By consolidating this material into a single publication, Army leaders now have a single reference to assist them with TTP associated with planning, preparing for, executing, and continually assessing operations. This ATTP also enables the Army to better focus the material in future editions of FMs 5-0 and 6-0 on the fundamentals of the operations process and mission command, respectively.
Theater Army Operations
Author: Department of the Army
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781974585342
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 192
Book Description
Doctrine provides a military organization with unity of effort and a common philosophy, language, and purpose. This manual, "Theater Army Operations" (FM3-93), discusses the organization and operations of the theater army headquarters, including its role as the Army Service component command (ASCC) to the geographic combatant commander (GCC) and the relationships between the theater army headquarters and the theater enabling commands. The manual also discusses theater army responsibilities for setting the theater, Title 10 functions and responsibilities, generally referred to as the combatant commander's daily operations requirements, as well as the operational employment of the theater army's contingency command post (CCP) to directly mission command limited types of operations.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781974585342
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 192
Book Description
Doctrine provides a military organization with unity of effort and a common philosophy, language, and purpose. This manual, "Theater Army Operations" (FM3-93), discusses the organization and operations of the theater army headquarters, including its role as the Army Service component command (ASCC) to the geographic combatant commander (GCC) and the relationships between the theater army headquarters and the theater enabling commands. The manual also discusses theater army responsibilities for setting the theater, Title 10 functions and responsibilities, generally referred to as the combatant commander's daily operations requirements, as well as the operational employment of the theater army's contingency command post (CCP) to directly mission command limited types of operations.
The Army Lawyer
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Courts-martial and courts of inquiry
Languages : en
Pages : 58
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Courts-martial and courts of inquiry
Languages : en
Pages : 58
Book Description
The Engineer
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Military engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 500
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Military engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 500
Book Description
U.S. Military Operations
Author: Geoffrey S. Corn
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0199328579
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 881
Book Description
In U.S. Military Operations: Law, Policy, and Practice, a distinguished group of military experts comprehensively analyze how the law is applied during military operations on and off the battlefield. Subject matter experts offer a unique insiders perspective on how the law is actually implemented in a wide swath of military activities, such as how the law of war applies in the context of multi-state coalition forces, and whether non-governmental organizations involved in quasi-military operations are subject to the same law. The book goes on to consider whether U.S. Constitutional 4th Amendment protections apply to the military's cyber-defense measures, how the law guides targeting decisions, and whether United Nations mandates constitute binding rules of international humanitarian law. Other areas of focus include how the United States interacts with the International Committee of the Red Cross regarding its international legal obligations, and how courts should approach civil claims based on war-related torts. This book also answers questions regarding how the law of armed conflict applies to such extra-conflict acts as intercepting pirates and providing humanitarian relief to civilians in occupied territory.
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0199328579
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 881
Book Description
In U.S. Military Operations: Law, Policy, and Practice, a distinguished group of military experts comprehensively analyze how the law is applied during military operations on and off the battlefield. Subject matter experts offer a unique insiders perspective on how the law is actually implemented in a wide swath of military activities, such as how the law of war applies in the context of multi-state coalition forces, and whether non-governmental organizations involved in quasi-military operations are subject to the same law. The book goes on to consider whether U.S. Constitutional 4th Amendment protections apply to the military's cyber-defense measures, how the law guides targeting decisions, and whether United Nations mandates constitute binding rules of international humanitarian law. Other areas of focus include how the United States interacts with the International Committee of the Red Cross regarding its international legal obligations, and how courts should approach civil claims based on war-related torts. This book also answers questions regarding how the law of armed conflict applies to such extra-conflict acts as intercepting pirates and providing humanitarian relief to civilians in occupied territory.
Army Officer's Guide
Author: Robert J. Dalessandro
Publisher: Stackpole Books
ISBN: 0811746674
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 706
Book Description
Practical advice on leadership and officership. Up-to-date information on pay, uniforms, and more.
Publisher: Stackpole Books
ISBN: 0811746674
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 706
Book Description
Practical advice on leadership and officership. Up-to-date information on pay, uniforms, and more.
Knowledge Management Operations (FM 6-01. 1)
Author: Department Army
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781480126404
Category : Knowledge management
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
The Army embraced knowledge management (KM) as a discipline in 2003. How the Army manages information and facilitates the movement of knowledge has changed dramatically in recent years. This includes the growth of KM within the Army and refinement of associated technology-both hardware and software. Recognizing that the ability to efficiently manage knowledge is essential to effective mission command, the Army authorized the Army Knowledge Management Qualification Course (AKMQ-C), with additional skill identifier (ASI) to prepare Soldiers for KM's complex challenges. KM sections at brigade through theater army headquarters now work with commanders and staffs to help manage knowledge within their organizations; bridging the art of command and the science of control through KM. KM can be summarized in the phrase "Know, Show, Grow!" Know = tacit "head knowledge"; Show = knowledge that is written down and documented (explicit knowledge) to be shared with others; Grow = collaboration toward innovation which sparks new knowledge. What individuals and small elements know that could help others cannot be widely shared without the means to share it. The sheer volume of available information makes it difficult to identify and use that which is relevant. Knowledge management provides the means to efficiently share knowledge, thus enabling shared understanding and learning within organizations. To do this, KM creates, organizes, applies, and transfers knowledge and information between authorized people. It seeks to align people, processes, and tools-to include information technology-within the organization to continuously capture, maintain, and re-use key information and lessons learned to help units learn and adapt and improve mission performance. KM enhances an organization's ability to detect and remove obstacles to knowledge flow, thereby fostering mission success. Because collaboration is the key contributor to KM, it is imperative that everyone be involved in the process, from the generating force that trains and sustains the Soldier to the operating force, which ensures Soldiers survive and thrive every day in every circumstance or location. The contributions of everyone are important because anyone may be the source of an idea that may become the catalyst for a solution that accomplishes missions and saves lives. Though the focus of this document is operations, KM can be used by organizations and individuals to accomplish many tasks. This manual and its successors are intended to provide the guidance on how to use KM successfully to benefit Soldiers at the tip of the spear as well as commanders and staff, in present and future operational environments, in an era of persistent conflict. This manual, "Knowledge Management Operations," provides doctrinal knowledge management (KM) guidance. It provides doctrine for the organization and operations of the KM section, and establishes the doctrinal principles, tactics, techniques, and procedures necessary to effectively integrate KM into the operations of brigades and higher. FM 6-01.1 applies to KM activities in Army headquarters from brigade through Army service component command. ("Brigade" includes brigade combat teams, support brigades, functional brigades, and multifunctional brigades.) It applies to the KM section as well as to commanders, staffs, and Army leaders who will have a role in improving KM effectiveness or implementing KM procedures in their organizations. FM 6-01.1 applies to the Active Army, Army National Guard/Army National Guard of the United States, and U.S. Army Reserve unless otherwise stated. The Army currently leads the effort to develop doctrine for KM; thus Army headquarters serving as the headquarters of a joint force land component command or joint task force may adapt this field manual with appropriate modifications until joint doctrine or guidance is provided.
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN: 9781480126404
Category : Knowledge management
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
The Army embraced knowledge management (KM) as a discipline in 2003. How the Army manages information and facilitates the movement of knowledge has changed dramatically in recent years. This includes the growth of KM within the Army and refinement of associated technology-both hardware and software. Recognizing that the ability to efficiently manage knowledge is essential to effective mission command, the Army authorized the Army Knowledge Management Qualification Course (AKMQ-C), with additional skill identifier (ASI) to prepare Soldiers for KM's complex challenges. KM sections at brigade through theater army headquarters now work with commanders and staffs to help manage knowledge within their organizations; bridging the art of command and the science of control through KM. KM can be summarized in the phrase "Know, Show, Grow!" Know = tacit "head knowledge"; Show = knowledge that is written down and documented (explicit knowledge) to be shared with others; Grow = collaboration toward innovation which sparks new knowledge. What individuals and small elements know that could help others cannot be widely shared without the means to share it. The sheer volume of available information makes it difficult to identify and use that which is relevant. Knowledge management provides the means to efficiently share knowledge, thus enabling shared understanding and learning within organizations. To do this, KM creates, organizes, applies, and transfers knowledge and information between authorized people. It seeks to align people, processes, and tools-to include information technology-within the organization to continuously capture, maintain, and re-use key information and lessons learned to help units learn and adapt and improve mission performance. KM enhances an organization's ability to detect and remove obstacles to knowledge flow, thereby fostering mission success. Because collaboration is the key contributor to KM, it is imperative that everyone be involved in the process, from the generating force that trains and sustains the Soldier to the operating force, which ensures Soldiers survive and thrive every day in every circumstance or location. The contributions of everyone are important because anyone may be the source of an idea that may become the catalyst for a solution that accomplishes missions and saves lives. Though the focus of this document is operations, KM can be used by organizations and individuals to accomplish many tasks. This manual and its successors are intended to provide the guidance on how to use KM successfully to benefit Soldiers at the tip of the spear as well as commanders and staff, in present and future operational environments, in an era of persistent conflict. This manual, "Knowledge Management Operations," provides doctrinal knowledge management (KM) guidance. It provides doctrine for the organization and operations of the KM section, and establishes the doctrinal principles, tactics, techniques, and procedures necessary to effectively integrate KM into the operations of brigades and higher. FM 6-01.1 applies to KM activities in Army headquarters from brigade through Army service component command. ("Brigade" includes brigade combat teams, support brigades, functional brigades, and multifunctional brigades.) It applies to the KM section as well as to commanders, staffs, and Army leaders who will have a role in improving KM effectiveness or implementing KM procedures in their organizations. FM 6-01.1 applies to the Active Army, Army National Guard/Army National Guard of the United States, and U.S. Army Reserve unless otherwise stated. The Army currently leads the effort to develop doctrine for KM; thus Army headquarters serving as the headquarters of a joint force land component command or joint task force may adapt this field manual with appropriate modifications until joint doctrine or guidance is provided.