Author: Roberts
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1351459910
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 822
Book Description
With the publication of this book, newcomers to the field of steel rolling have a complete introductionto the cold rolling process, including the history of cold rolling, the equipment currentlyin use, the behavior of the rolling lubricant, the thermal and metallurgical aspects of the subject,mathematical models relating to rolling force and power requirements, strip shape, and thefurth er processing of cold-rolled steel. The first book in print to examine in detail the three componentsof the cold-rolling process- the mill, the work-piece, and the rolling lubricant-this bookcan be used as a training manual and as a source for reference and research. The manuscript version of this book has already been in use as a textbookin courses on cold rolling and rolling lubrication and is now published for thebenefit of all in-training personnel-both operating and supervisory-in theprimary metals industry and for undergraduate and graduate students inmetalworking. The interrelationships of the three components, described in terms ofmathematical models, are of considerable value to engineers associated withprimary metals and metal research, to mill builders, and to electrical equipmentsuppliers. For plant metallurgists, the book relates product quality to operating conditions;for the steel user and purchaser, it affords insight into the variousprocesses associated with the manufacture of steel sheet and strip.
Cold Rolling of Steel
Author: Roberts
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1351459910
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 822
Book Description
With the publication of this book, newcomers to the field of steel rolling have a complete introductionto the cold rolling process, including the history of cold rolling, the equipment currentlyin use, the behavior of the rolling lubricant, the thermal and metallurgical aspects of the subject,mathematical models relating to rolling force and power requirements, strip shape, and thefurth er processing of cold-rolled steel. The first book in print to examine in detail the three componentsof the cold-rolling process- the mill, the work-piece, and the rolling lubricant-this bookcan be used as a training manual and as a source for reference and research. The manuscript version of this book has already been in use as a textbookin courses on cold rolling and rolling lubrication and is now published for thebenefit of all in-training personnel-both operating and supervisory-in theprimary metals industry and for undergraduate and graduate students inmetalworking. The interrelationships of the three components, described in terms ofmathematical models, are of considerable value to engineers associated withprimary metals and metal research, to mill builders, and to electrical equipmentsuppliers. For plant metallurgists, the book relates product quality to operating conditions;for the steel user and purchaser, it affords insight into the variousprocesses associated with the manufacture of steel sheet and strip.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1351459910
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 822
Book Description
With the publication of this book, newcomers to the field of steel rolling have a complete introductionto the cold rolling process, including the history of cold rolling, the equipment currentlyin use, the behavior of the rolling lubricant, the thermal and metallurgical aspects of the subject,mathematical models relating to rolling force and power requirements, strip shape, and thefurth er processing of cold-rolled steel. The first book in print to examine in detail the three componentsof the cold-rolling process- the mill, the work-piece, and the rolling lubricant-this bookcan be used as a training manual and as a source for reference and research. The manuscript version of this book has already been in use as a textbookin courses on cold rolling and rolling lubrication and is now published for thebenefit of all in-training personnel-both operating and supervisory-in theprimary metals industry and for undergraduate and graduate students inmetalworking. The interrelationships of the three components, described in terms ofmathematical models, are of considerable value to engineers associated withprimary metals and metal research, to mill builders, and to electrical equipmentsuppliers. For plant metallurgists, the book relates product quality to operating conditions;for the steel user and purchaser, it affords insight into the variousprocesses associated with the manufacture of steel sheet and strip.
Hot Rolling of Steel
Author: William L. Roberts
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 9780824713454
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 1080
Book Description
Number ten of the Manufacturing Engineering and Material Processing series. Includes one page corrigenda laid-in. 800 illustrations clarifying key points. Thorough account of the hot-rolling process and facilities as well as follow-up treatments given to hot-rolled products. Companion volume to "Cold Rolling of Steel" by William Roberts circa 1978 and number two of the series.
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 9780824713454
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 1080
Book Description
Number ten of the Manufacturing Engineering and Material Processing series. Includes one page corrigenda laid-in. 800 illustrations clarifying key points. Thorough account of the hot-rolling process and facilities as well as follow-up treatments given to hot-rolled products. Companion volume to "Cold Rolling of Steel" by William Roberts circa 1978 and number two of the series.
Primer on Flat Rolling
Author: John G. Lenard
Publisher: Newnes
ISBN: 0080994121
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 428
Book Description
Primer on Flat Rolling is a fully revised second edition, and the outcome of over three decades of involvement with the rolling process. It is based on the author's yearly set of lectures, delivered to engineers and technologists working in the rolling metal industry. The essential and basic ideas involved in designing and analysis of the rolling process are presented. The book discusses and illustrates in detail the three components of flat rolling: the mill, the rolled metal, and their interface. New processes are also covered; flexible rolling and accumulative roll-bonding. The last chapter contains problems, with solutions that illustrate the complexities of flat rolling. New chapters include a study of hot rolling of aluminum, contributed by Prof. M. Wells; advanced applications of the finite element method, by Dr. Yuli Liu and by Dr. G. Krallics; roll design by Dr. J. B. Tiley and the history of the development of hot rolling mills, written by Mr. D. R. Adair and E. B. Intong. Engineers, technologists and students can all use this book to aid their planning and analysis of flat rolling processes. - Provides clear descriptions for engineers and technologists working in steel mills - Evaluates the predictive capabilities of mathematical models - Assignments and their solutions are included within the text
Publisher: Newnes
ISBN: 0080994121
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 428
Book Description
Primer on Flat Rolling is a fully revised second edition, and the outcome of over three decades of involvement with the rolling process. It is based on the author's yearly set of lectures, delivered to engineers and technologists working in the rolling metal industry. The essential and basic ideas involved in designing and analysis of the rolling process are presented. The book discusses and illustrates in detail the three components of flat rolling: the mill, the rolled metal, and their interface. New processes are also covered; flexible rolling and accumulative roll-bonding. The last chapter contains problems, with solutions that illustrate the complexities of flat rolling. New chapters include a study of hot rolling of aluminum, contributed by Prof. M. Wells; advanced applications of the finite element method, by Dr. Yuli Liu and by Dr. G. Krallics; roll design by Dr. J. B. Tiley and the history of the development of hot rolling mills, written by Mr. D. R. Adair and E. B. Intong. Engineers, technologists and students can all use this book to aid their planning and analysis of flat rolling processes. - Provides clear descriptions for engineers and technologists working in steel mills - Evaluates the predictive capabilities of mathematical models - Assignments and their solutions are included within the text
Principles and Applications of Metal Rolling
Author: Siddhartha Ray
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1316843300
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 324
Book Description
Rolling is an important metal forming process which involves the passing of metal stock through a pair of rollers. It is categorized depending on the recrystallization temperature of the metal rolled. This book covers the entire gamut of rolling technology in one volume. It begins with a brief history of rolling, and goes on to discuss different rolling processes, the deformation of materials, and the classification of rolling mills and stands. The book discusses rolling applications of steel blooms, slabs, bars, plates, rods, heavy sections and non-ferrous metals in detail. It covers important rolling process parameters, including rolling friction, stress and strain across rolled strip thickness, rolling torque and power and roll separation force. It also provides details on the design and applications of various rolling equipment, including mill rolls, neck bearings, spindles, coilers and decoilers.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1316843300
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 324
Book Description
Rolling is an important metal forming process which involves the passing of metal stock through a pair of rollers. It is categorized depending on the recrystallization temperature of the metal rolled. This book covers the entire gamut of rolling technology in one volume. It begins with a brief history of rolling, and goes on to discuss different rolling processes, the deformation of materials, and the classification of rolling mills and stands. The book discusses rolling applications of steel blooms, slabs, bars, plates, rods, heavy sections and non-ferrous metals in detail. It covers important rolling process parameters, including rolling friction, stress and strain across rolled strip thickness, rolling torque and power and roll separation force. It also provides details on the design and applications of various rolling equipment, including mill rolls, neck bearings, spindles, coilers and decoilers.
Tandem Cold Metal Rolling Mill Control
Author: John Pittner
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 0857290673
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 222
Book Description
This book deals with a novel and practical advanced method for control of tandem cold metal rolling processes based on the emerging state-dependent Riccati equation technique. After a short history of tandem cold rolling, various types of cold rolling processes are described. A basic mathematical model of the process is discussed, and the diverse conventional control methods are compared. A detailed treatment of the theoretical and practical aspects of the state-dependent algebraic Riccati equation technique is given, with specific details of the new procedure described and results of simulations performed to verify the control model and overall system performance with the new controller coupled to the process model included. These results and data derived from actual operating mills are compared showing the improvements in performance using the new method. Material is included which shows how the new technique can be extended to the control of a broad range of large-scale complex nonlinear processes.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 0857290673
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 222
Book Description
This book deals with a novel and practical advanced method for control of tandem cold metal rolling processes based on the emerging state-dependent Riccati equation technique. After a short history of tandem cold rolling, various types of cold rolling processes are described. A basic mathematical model of the process is discussed, and the diverse conventional control methods are compared. A detailed treatment of the theoretical and practical aspects of the state-dependent algebraic Riccati equation technique is given, with specific details of the new procedure described and results of simulations performed to verify the control model and overall system performance with the new controller coupled to the process model included. These results and data derived from actual operating mills are compared showing the improvements in performance using the new method. Material is included which shows how the new technique can be extended to the control of a broad range of large-scale complex nonlinear processes.
Fundamentals of Aluminium Metallurgy
Author: Roger Lumley
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0857090259
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 862
Book Description
Aluminium is an important metal in manufacturing, due to its versatile properties and the many applications of both the processed metal and its alloys in different industries. Fundamentals of aluminium metallurgy provides a comprehensive overview of the production, properties and processing of aluminium, and its applications in manufacturing industries.Part one discusses different methods of producing and casting aluminium, covering areas such as casting of alloys, quality issues and specific production methods such as high-pressure diecasting. The metallurgical properties of aluminium and its alloys are reviewed in Part two, with chapters on such topics as hardening, precipitation processes and solute partitioning and clustering, as well as properties such as fracture resistance. Finally, Part three includes chapters on joining, laser sintering and other methods of processing aluminium, and its applications in particular areas of industry such as aerospace.With its distinguished editor and team of expert contributors, Fundamentals of aluminium metallurgy is a standard reference for researchers in metallurgy, as well as all those involved in the manufacture and use of aluminium products. - Provides a comprehensive overview of the production, properties and processing of aluminium, and its applications in manufacturing industries - Considers many issues of central importance in aluminium production and utilization considering quality issues and design for fatigue growth resistance - Metallurgical properties of aluminium and its alloys are further explored with particular reference to work hardening and applications of industrial alloys
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0857090259
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 862
Book Description
Aluminium is an important metal in manufacturing, due to its versatile properties and the many applications of both the processed metal and its alloys in different industries. Fundamentals of aluminium metallurgy provides a comprehensive overview of the production, properties and processing of aluminium, and its applications in manufacturing industries.Part one discusses different methods of producing and casting aluminium, covering areas such as casting of alloys, quality issues and specific production methods such as high-pressure diecasting. The metallurgical properties of aluminium and its alloys are reviewed in Part two, with chapters on such topics as hardening, precipitation processes and solute partitioning and clustering, as well as properties such as fracture resistance. Finally, Part three includes chapters on joining, laser sintering and other methods of processing aluminium, and its applications in particular areas of industry such as aerospace.With its distinguished editor and team of expert contributors, Fundamentals of aluminium metallurgy is a standard reference for researchers in metallurgy, as well as all those involved in the manufacture and use of aluminium products. - Provides a comprehensive overview of the production, properties and processing of aluminium, and its applications in manufacturing industries - Considers many issues of central importance in aluminium production and utilization considering quality issues and design for fatigue growth resistance - Metallurgical properties of aluminium and its alloys are further explored with particular reference to work hardening and applications of industrial alloys
Steel Rolling Technology Handbook (2nd Revised Edition)
Author: NIIR Board of Consultants & Engineers
Publisher: ASIA PACIFIC BUSINESS PRESS Inc.
ISBN: 8178331691
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 576
Book Description
The steel industry has had a long history of development, yet, despite all the time that has passed, it still demonstrates all the signs of longevity. The steel industry is expanding worldwide. The economic modernization processes in these countries are driving the sharp rise in demand for steel. Rolling is a metal forming process in which metal stock is passed through a pair of rolls. Rolling is classified according to the temperature of the metal rolled. Being a core sector, steel industry reflects the overall economic growth of an economy in the long term. Also, steel demand, being derived from other sectors like automobiles, consumer durables and infrastructure, its fortune is dependent on the growth of these user industries. Steel consumption is forecast to grow annually by about 5%–6%. This handbook describes different classes of steel making processes, welding processes and plant & machinery suppliers with their photographs. Techniques of steelmaking have undergone vast changes in scale and new processes have been developed to meet the demands of speed, quantity and quality. There are various hot mills involved in the production of steel plate mill, hot strip mill, bar and rod mills etc. This handbook deliberated on the fundamental of mechanical working and its theory in a very simpler way. In addition it describes statistical methods of quality control, total quality management, quality assurance & raw material which are used in making of steel. The major contents of the handbook are fusion welding processes, grinding and abrasive processes, width change by rolling and pressing, metallurgical defects in cast slabs and hot rolled products, primary steel-making processes, optimization and control of width change process, fundamentals of metal casting, steel making technology, basic principles of width change, plate mills, hot strip mills, quality assurance, testing and inspection, bar and rod mills. It will be a standard reference book for professionals, entrepreneurs, those studying and researching in this important area and others interested in the field of steel rolling. TAGS Best small and cottage scale industries, Business guidance for steel rolling industry, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business plan for steel rolling mill, Business start-up, Fusion welding processes, Great Opportunity for Startup, Hot rolled steel properties, Hot rolling mill process, Hot Rolling Mill, Hot Rolling mill, Hot Strip Mill, How is Steel Produced, How to Start a Steel Production Business, How to start a successful steel rolling business, How to start steel mill industry, How to Start Steel rolling Industry in India, How to start steel rolling mill, Indian Steel Industry, Industrial steel rolling mill, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Modern steel making technology, Most Profitable Steel Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Steel rolling industry, Opportunity Steel Rolling Mill, Plate Mill, Process & Applications, Process of steelmaking, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Progress and Prospect of Rolling Technology, Project for startups, Rod and Bar Rolling, Rod and bar rolling, Rolling Metalworking, Rolling Mill for Steel Bars, Rolling process, Setting up and opening your steel rolling Business, Small scale Commercial steel rolling business, Small Scale Steel rolling Projects, Small Start-up Business Project, Start a Rolling Mill Industry, Start steel rolling mill in India, Start up India, Stand up India, Starting a Steel Business, Starting a Steel rolling Business, Starting Steel Mini Mill, Start-up Business Plan for steel rolling, Startup Project for steel rolling business, Startup project plan, Startup Project, Steel and hot rolling Business, Steel Based Profitable Projects, Steel Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Steel business plan, Steel hot rolling process, Steel Industry in India, Steel making and rolling, Steel making Projects, Steel making technology, Steel Making, Steel manufacturing process, Steel mill process, Steel mill, Steel production process, Steel rerolling mill feasibility start up, Steel rolling Industry in India, Steel rolling machine factory, Steel rolling mill industry demand, Steel rolling mill industry overview, Steel rolling mill industry, Steel rolling mill market forecast, Steel rolling mill market growth, Steel rolling mill market, Steel rolling mill size, Steel rolling mill starts production, Steel rolling mill, Steel Rolling Technology, Steelmaking, Steelmaking Processes, Types of rolling mills
Publisher: ASIA PACIFIC BUSINESS PRESS Inc.
ISBN: 8178331691
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 576
Book Description
The steel industry has had a long history of development, yet, despite all the time that has passed, it still demonstrates all the signs of longevity. The steel industry is expanding worldwide. The economic modernization processes in these countries are driving the sharp rise in demand for steel. Rolling is a metal forming process in which metal stock is passed through a pair of rolls. Rolling is classified according to the temperature of the metal rolled. Being a core sector, steel industry reflects the overall economic growth of an economy in the long term. Also, steel demand, being derived from other sectors like automobiles, consumer durables and infrastructure, its fortune is dependent on the growth of these user industries. Steel consumption is forecast to grow annually by about 5%–6%. This handbook describes different classes of steel making processes, welding processes and plant & machinery suppliers with their photographs. Techniques of steelmaking have undergone vast changes in scale and new processes have been developed to meet the demands of speed, quantity and quality. There are various hot mills involved in the production of steel plate mill, hot strip mill, bar and rod mills etc. This handbook deliberated on the fundamental of mechanical working and its theory in a very simpler way. In addition it describes statistical methods of quality control, total quality management, quality assurance & raw material which are used in making of steel. The major contents of the handbook are fusion welding processes, grinding and abrasive processes, width change by rolling and pressing, metallurgical defects in cast slabs and hot rolled products, primary steel-making processes, optimization and control of width change process, fundamentals of metal casting, steel making technology, basic principles of width change, plate mills, hot strip mills, quality assurance, testing and inspection, bar and rod mills. It will be a standard reference book for professionals, entrepreneurs, those studying and researching in this important area and others interested in the field of steel rolling. TAGS Best small and cottage scale industries, Business guidance for steel rolling industry, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business plan for steel rolling mill, Business start-up, Fusion welding processes, Great Opportunity for Startup, Hot rolled steel properties, Hot rolling mill process, Hot Rolling Mill, Hot Rolling mill, Hot Strip Mill, How is Steel Produced, How to Start a Steel Production Business, How to start a successful steel rolling business, How to start steel mill industry, How to Start Steel rolling Industry in India, How to start steel rolling mill, Indian Steel Industry, Industrial steel rolling mill, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Modern steel making technology, Most Profitable Steel Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Steel rolling industry, Opportunity Steel Rolling Mill, Plate Mill, Process & Applications, Process of steelmaking, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Progress and Prospect of Rolling Technology, Project for startups, Rod and Bar Rolling, Rod and bar rolling, Rolling Metalworking, Rolling Mill for Steel Bars, Rolling process, Setting up and opening your steel rolling Business, Small scale Commercial steel rolling business, Small Scale Steel rolling Projects, Small Start-up Business Project, Start a Rolling Mill Industry, Start steel rolling mill in India, Start up India, Stand up India, Starting a Steel Business, Starting a Steel rolling Business, Starting Steel Mini Mill, Start-up Business Plan for steel rolling, Startup Project for steel rolling business, Startup project plan, Startup Project, Steel and hot rolling Business, Steel Based Profitable Projects, Steel Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Steel business plan, Steel hot rolling process, Steel Industry in India, Steel making and rolling, Steel making Projects, Steel making technology, Steel Making, Steel manufacturing process, Steel mill process, Steel mill, Steel production process, Steel rerolling mill feasibility start up, Steel rolling Industry in India, Steel rolling machine factory, Steel rolling mill industry demand, Steel rolling mill industry overview, Steel rolling mill industry, Steel rolling mill market forecast, Steel rolling mill market growth, Steel rolling mill market, Steel rolling mill size, Steel rolling mill starts production, Steel rolling mill, Steel Rolling Technology, Steelmaking, Steelmaking Processes, Types of rolling mills
Steel-Rolling Technology
Author: Ginzburg
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 9780824781248
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 936
Book Description
"This state-of-the-art volume examines steel-rolling technology in a systematic and comprehensive manner--providing an excellent synthesis of current information from three different branches of science--physics, metallurgy, and engineering. "
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 9780824781248
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 936
Book Description
"This state-of-the-art volume examines steel-rolling technology in a systematic and comprehensive manner--providing an excellent synthesis of current information from three different branches of science--physics, metallurgy, and engineering. "
Metal Forming Science and Practice
Author: J.G. Lenard
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 008053631X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 379
Book Description
This publication has been written to honour the contribution to science and education made by the Distinguished Professor Emeritus Professor Schey on his eightieth birthday. The contributors to his book are among the countless researchers who have read, studied and learned from Professor Schey's work, which includes books, research monographs, invited papers, keynote papers, scientific journals and conferences. The topics include manufacturing, sheet and bulk metal forming and tribology, amongst others. The topics included in this book include: John Schey and value-added manufacturing; Surface finish and friction in cold-metal rolling; Direct observation of interface for tribology in metal forming; An examination of the coefficient of friction; Studies on micro plasto hydrodynamic lubrication in metal forming; Numerical simulation of sheet metal forming; Geometric and mechanics model of sheet forming; Modelling and optimisation of metal forming processes; The mathematical modelling of hot rolling steel; Identification of rheological and tribological parameters; Oxide behaviour in hot rolling; Friction, lubrication and surface response in wire drawing; and Modelling and control of temper rolling and skin pass rolling.
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 008053631X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 379
Book Description
This publication has been written to honour the contribution to science and education made by the Distinguished Professor Emeritus Professor Schey on his eightieth birthday. The contributors to his book are among the countless researchers who have read, studied and learned from Professor Schey's work, which includes books, research monographs, invited papers, keynote papers, scientific journals and conferences. The topics include manufacturing, sheet and bulk metal forming and tribology, amongst others. The topics included in this book include: John Schey and value-added manufacturing; Surface finish and friction in cold-metal rolling; Direct observation of interface for tribology in metal forming; An examination of the coefficient of friction; Studies on micro plasto hydrodynamic lubrication in metal forming; Numerical simulation of sheet metal forming; Geometric and mechanics model of sheet forming; Modelling and optimisation of metal forming processes; The mathematical modelling of hot rolling steel; Identification of rheological and tribological parameters; Oxide behaviour in hot rolling; Friction, lubrication and surface response in wire drawing; and Modelling and control of temper rolling and skin pass rolling.
Proceedings of the 2nd Annual International Conference on Material, Machines and Methods for Sustainable Development (MMMS2020)
Author: Banh Tien Long
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030696103
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 1088
Book Description
This book presents selected, peer-reviewed proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Material, Machines and Methods for Sustainable Development (MMMS2020), held in the city of Nha Trang, Vietnam, from 12 to 15 November, 2020. The purpose of the conference is to explore and ensure an understanding of the critical aspects contributing to sustainable development, especially materials, machines and methods. The contributions published in this book come from authors representing universities, research institutes and industrial companies, and reflect the results of a very broad spectrum of research, from micro- and nanoscale materials design and processing, to mechanical engineering technology in industry. Many of the contributions selected for these proceedings focus on materials modeling, eco-material processes and mechanical manufacturing.
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030696103
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 1088
Book Description
This book presents selected, peer-reviewed proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Material, Machines and Methods for Sustainable Development (MMMS2020), held in the city of Nha Trang, Vietnam, from 12 to 15 November, 2020. The purpose of the conference is to explore and ensure an understanding of the critical aspects contributing to sustainable development, especially materials, machines and methods. The contributions published in this book come from authors representing universities, research institutes and industrial companies, and reflect the results of a very broad spectrum of research, from micro- and nanoscale materials design and processing, to mechanical engineering technology in industry. Many of the contributions selected for these proceedings focus on materials modeling, eco-material processes and mechanical manufacturing.