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Author: Yuan Xuan Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
There is interest in mixing ammonia (NH3) with hydrocarbons, as this decreases overall CO2 emissions from the fuel mixture when burned. Co-firing NH3 with hydrocarbons like methane (CH4) also enables stable combustion over a larger set of operating conditions in engines and gas turbines than firing only NH3 permits. When NH3 is co-fired with hydrocarbons, the influence of NH3 on soot formation chemistry becomes relevant. In this work, soot concentrations in laminar nonpremixed co-flow flames of NH3/CH4 and N2/CH4 were analyzed using color-ratio pyrometry. The concentrations of combustion species (CH4, CO2, H2O, O2, C2H2, C6H6, HCN) across the different flames were also determined using on-line electron-impact mass spectrometry. The flames were also interrogated with 2D CFD simulations, which employ a detailed chemical mechanism tailored to capturing fuel-nitrogen chemistry. Addition of NH3 to CH4 flames was found to decrease soot concentrations more significantly than N2-addition (Fig. 1). The NH3/CH4 flames were found to have higher flame temperatures than the N2/CH4 flames, implying the suppression of soot afforded by NH3 is due to a chemical influence of NH3, as opposed to thermal or dilution effects. Based on experimental and simulated soot volume fractions and species concentrations, soot formation pathways affected by NH3 are postulated.
Author: Yuan Xuan Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
There is interest in mixing ammonia (NH3) with hydrocarbons, as this decreases overall CO2 emissions from the fuel mixture when burned. Co-firing NH3 with hydrocarbons like methane (CH4) also enables stable combustion over a larger set of operating conditions in engines and gas turbines than firing only NH3 permits. When NH3 is co-fired with hydrocarbons, the influence of NH3 on soot formation chemistry becomes relevant. In this work, soot concentrations in laminar nonpremixed co-flow flames of NH3/CH4 and N2/CH4 were analyzed using color-ratio pyrometry. The concentrations of combustion species (CH4, CO2, H2O, O2, C2H2, C6H6, HCN) across the different flames were also determined using on-line electron-impact mass spectrometry. The flames were also interrogated with 2D CFD simulations, which employ a detailed chemical mechanism tailored to capturing fuel-nitrogen chemistry. Addition of NH3 to CH4 flames was found to decrease soot concentrations more significantly than N2-addition (Fig. 1). The NH3/CH4 flames were found to have higher flame temperatures than the N2/CH4 flames, implying the suppression of soot afforded by NH3 is due to a chemical influence of NH3, as opposed to thermal or dilution effects. Based on experimental and simulated soot volume fractions and species concentrations, soot formation pathways affected by NH3 are postulated.
Author: Daniel J. Jacob Publisher: Princeton University Press ISBN: 0691001855 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 280
Book Description
Atmospheric chemistry is one of the fastest growing fields in the earth sciences. Until now, however, there has been no book designed to help students capture the essence of the subject in a brief course of study. Daniel Jacob, a leading researcher and teacher in the field, addresses that problem by presenting the first textbook on atmospheric chemistry for a one-semester course. Based on the approach he developed in his class at Harvard, Jacob introduces students in clear and concise chapters to the fundamentals as well as the latest ideas and findings in the field. Jacob's aim is to show students how to use basic principles of physics and chemistry to describe a complex system such as the atmosphere. He also seeks to give students an overview of the current state of research and the work that led to this point. Jacob begins with atmospheric structure, design of simple models, atmospheric transport, and the continuity equation, and continues with geochemical cycles, the greenhouse effect, aerosols, stratospheric ozone, the oxidizing power of the atmosphere, smog, and acid rain. Each chapter concludes with a problem set based on recent scientific literature. This is a novel approach to problem-set writing, and one that successfully introduces students to the prevailing issues. This is a major contribution to a growing area of study and will be welcomed enthusiastically by students and teachers alike.
Author: Ibrahim Dincer Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0128228253 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 266
Book Description
Ammonia Fuel Cells covers all aspects of ammonia fuel cell technologies and their applications, including their theoretical analysis, modeling studies and experimental investigations. The book analyzes the role of integrated ammonia fuel cell systems within various renewable energy resources and existing energy systems. Covers the types of ammonia fuel cells that have been developed over history Features explanations of the underlying fundamentals and principles of ammonia fuel cells, along with methods to assess the performance of different types of cell Includes case studies considering different applications of ammonia fuel cells and their significance in the future of clean energy
Author: Agustin Valera-Medina Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0128208864 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 340
Book Description
Techno-Economic Challenges of Green Ammonia as an Energy Vector presents the fundamentals, techno-economic challenges, applications, and state-of-the-art research in using green ammonia as a route toward the hydrogen economy. This book presents practical implications and case studies of a great variety of methods to recover stored energy from ammonia and use it for power, along with transport and heating applications, including its production, storage, transportation, regulations, public perception, and safety aspects. As a unique reference in this field, this book can be used both as a handbook by researchers and a source of background knowledge by graduate students developing technologies in the fields of hydrogen economy, hydrogen energy, and energy storage. Includes glossaries, case studies, practical concepts, and legal, public perception, and policy viewpoints that allow for thorough, practical understanding of the use of ammonia as energy carrier Presents its content in a modular structure that can be used in sequence, as a handbook, in individual parts or as a field reference Explores the use of ammonia, both as a medium for hydrogen storage and an energy vector unto itself
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 030903793X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 236
Book Description
In the next 10 to 15 years, chemical engineers have the potential to affect every aspect of American life and promote the scientific and industrial leadership of the United States. Frontiers in Chemical Engineering explores the opportunities available and gives a blueprint for turning a multitude of promising visions into realities. It also examines the likely changes in how chemical engineers will be educated and take their place in the profession, and presents new research opportunities.
Author: Dr. Johannes Lehmann Publisher: Earthscan ISBN: 1849770557 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 449
Book Description
"Biochar is the carbon-rich product when biomass (such as wood, manure, or crop residues) is heated in a closed container with little or no available air. It can be used to improve agriculture and the environment in several ways, and its stability in soil and superior nutrient-retention properties make it an ideal soil amendment to increase crop yields. In addition to this, biochar sequestration, in combination with sustainable biomass production, can be carbon-negative and therefore used to actively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, with major implications for mitigation of climate change. Biochar production can also be combined with bioenergy production through the use of the gases that are given off in the pyrolysis process.This book is the first to synthesize the expanding research literature on this topic. The book's interdisciplinary approach, which covers engineering, environmental sciences, agricultural sciences, economics and policy, is a vital tool at this stage of biochar technology development. This comprehensive overview of current knowledge will be of interest to advanced students, researchers and professionals in a wide range of disciplines"--Provided by publisher.
Author: Annemie Bogaerts Publisher: MDPI ISBN: 3038977500 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 248
Book Description
Plasma catalysis is gaining increasing interest for various gas conversion applications, such as CO2 conversion into value-added chemicals and fuels, N2 fixation for the synthesis of NH3 or NOx, methane conversion into higher hydrocarbons or oxygenates. It is also widely used for air pollution control (e.g., VOC remediation). Plasma catalysis allows thermodynamically difficult reactions to proceed at ambient pressure and temperature, due to activation of the gas molecules by energetic electrons created in the plasma. However, plasma is very reactive but not selective, and thus a catalyst is needed to improve the selectivity. In spite of the growing interest in plasma catalysis, the underlying mechanisms of the (possible) synergy between plasma and catalyst are not yet fully understood. Indeed, plasma catalysis is quite complicated, as the plasma will affect the catalyst and vice versa. Moreover, due to the reactive plasma environment, the most suitable catalysts will probably be different from thermal catalysts. More research is needed to better understand the plasma–catalyst interactions, in order to further improve the applications.
Author: Yuan Xuan
Author: Yuan Xuan
Author: Alessandro Parente
Author: Daniel J. Jacob
Author: Ibrahim Dincer
Author: 
Author: Agustin Valera-Medina
Author: National Research Council
Author: A. Gaydon
Author: Dr. Johannes Lehmann
Author: Annemie Bogaerts