Characterizing Lead Exposure at a U.S. Coast Guard Indoor Firing Range PDF Download
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Author: Melvin Alexis Torres Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 127
Book Description
Exposure to airborne and settled dust at firing ranges is a well-known hazard that puts employees at risk for lead poisoning. Nine firearms instructors (FAIs) were studied over a 4-week period while working at a U. S. Coast Guard indoor firing range to determine if their work placed them at risk of overexposure to lead. Blood was collected at the beginning and end of the study to determine if a change in blood lead levels (BLLs) had occurred throughout the study. Questionnaires were also issued to obtain demographic, occupational, & extracurricular activity information to determine any other potential sources of lead exposure. Personal air lead exposures were measured for the instructors during weaponry qualification. To determine the effectiveness of range cleaning, surface wipes of lead dust before and after cleaning were collected from the floor. Mean BLLs from FAIs at baseline was 2.4 μg/dL compared to 2.3 μg/dL at the end of the study, more than 20 times below OSHA's standard of 40 μg/dL. Furthermore, the mean airborne lead was 2.7 μg/m3, also more than 20 times below OSHA's standard of 50 μg/m3. One of our hypotheses was to find a relationship between changes in BLL and mean airborne lead; however, no correlation was found. We also found no relationship between changes in BLL, mean airborne lead, the number of hours per month spent inside the range and the number of lead and jacketed rounds fired at the range. When evaluating the cleaning methods, paired t-tests were used to measure the post- to pre-cleaning differences for weekly and monthly cleaning practices. Statistically significant differences were found (p
Author: Melvin Alexis Torres Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 127
Book Description
Exposure to airborne and settled dust at firing ranges is a well-known hazard that puts employees at risk for lead poisoning. Nine firearms instructors (FAIs) were studied over a 4-week period while working at a U. S. Coast Guard indoor firing range to determine if their work placed them at risk of overexposure to lead. Blood was collected at the beginning and end of the study to determine if a change in blood lead levels (BLLs) had occurred throughout the study. Questionnaires were also issued to obtain demographic, occupational, & extracurricular activity information to determine any other potential sources of lead exposure. Personal air lead exposures were measured for the instructors during weaponry qualification. To determine the effectiveness of range cleaning, surface wipes of lead dust before and after cleaning were collected from the floor. Mean BLLs from FAIs at baseline was 2.4 μg/dL compared to 2.3 μg/dL at the end of the study, more than 20 times below OSHA's standard of 40 μg/dL. Furthermore, the mean airborne lead was 2.7 μg/m3, also more than 20 times below OSHA's standard of 50 μg/m3. One of our hypotheses was to find a relationship between changes in BLL and mean airborne lead; however, no correlation was found. We also found no relationship between changes in BLL, mean airborne lead, the number of hours per month spent inside the range and the number of lead and jacketed rounds fired at the range. When evaluating the cleaning methods, paired t-tests were used to measure the post- to pre-cleaning differences for weekly and monthly cleaning practices. Statistically significant differences were found (p
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309267366 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 199
Book Description
Lead is a ubiquitous metal in the environment, and its adverse effects on human health are well documented. Lead interacts at multiple cellular sites and can alter protein function in part through binding to amino acid sulfhydryl and carboxyl groups on a wide variety of structural and functional proteins. In addition, lead mimics calcium and other divalent cations, and it induces the increased production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. Adverse effects associated with lead exposure can be observed in multiple body systems, including the nervous, cardiovascular, renal, hematologic, immunologic, and reproductive systems. Lead exposure is also known to induce adverse developmental effects in utero and in the developing neonate. Lead poses an occupational health hazard, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) developed a lead standard for general industry that regulates many workplace exposures to this metal. The standard was promulgated in 1978 and encompasses several approaches for reducing exposure to lead, including the establishment of a permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 50 μg/m3 in air (an 8-hour time-weighted average [TWA]), exposure guidelines for instituting medical surveillance, guidelines for removal from and return to work, and other risk-management strategies. An action level of 30 μg/m3 (an 8-hour TWA) for lead was established to trigger medical surveillance in employees exposed above that level for more than 30 days per year. Another provision is that any employee who has a blood lead level (BLL) of 60 μg/dL or higher or three consecutive BLLs averaging 50 μg/dL or higher must be removed from work involving lead exposure. An employee may resume work associated with lead exposure only after two BLLs are lower than 40 μg/dL. Thus, maintaining BLLs lower than 40 μg/dL was judged by OSHA to protect workers from adverse health effects. The OSHA standard also includes a recommendation that BLLs of workers who are planning a pregnancy be under 30μg/dL. In light of knowledge about the hazards posed by occupational lead exposure, the Department of Defense (DOD) asked the National Research Council to evaluate potential health risks from recurrent lead exposure of firing-range personnel. Specifically, DOD asked the National Research Council to determine whether current exposure standards for lead on DOD firing ranges protect its workers adequately.The committee also considered measures of cumulative lead dose. Potential Health Risks to DOD Firing-Range Personnel from Recurrent Lead Exposure will help to inform decisions about setting new air exposure limits for lead on firing ranges, about whether to implement limits for surface contamination, and about how to design lead-surveillance programs for range personnel appropriately.
Author: Jessica G. Ramsey Publisher: Createspace Independent Pub ISBN: 9781492999829 Category : Health & Fitness Languages : en Pages : 40
Book Description
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a request for a health hazard evaluation at an indoor firing range in California. Employees submitted the request because they were concerned about lead exposures and indoor environmental quality problems during firearms instruction. NIOSH findings and recommendations are detailed.
Author: Susan Afanuh Publisher: ISBN: Category : Bombing and gunnery ranges Languages : en Pages : 4
Book Description
"The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recently published recommendations for reducing exposure to lead and noise at indoor firing ranges [NIOSH 2009]. However, workers and users of outdoor firing ranges may be exposed to similar hazards. This followup document examines exposures at these ranges and recommends steps to reduce such exposures. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, more than 1.2 million Federal, State, and local law enforcement officers work in the United States [DOJ 2012, 2011]. These officers are required to train regularly in the use of firearms and may be exposed to hazardous levels of lead and noise if they train at outdoor ranges. In addition to law enforcement, NIOSH estimates that shooting ranges employ 40,000-60,000 workers, and that about 15% of the U.S. population, or 34.4 million people, participate in target shooting [NSSF 2010]. Several studies of outdoor firing ranges have shown that exposure to lead and noise can cause health problems, particularly among employees and instructors [NIOSH 2011; Tripathi et al. 1991; Goldberg et al. 1991]. Lead exposure occurs mainly through inhalation of lead dust, skin contact with lead from bullets, or ingestion (e.g., eating or drinking with contaminated hands) [NIOSH 2009]. Workers and shooters involved in shooting, cleaning operations, collecting casings, and handling spent bullets may also be exposed to lead. An estimated 9,000 non-military outdoor ranges exist in the United States, with millions of pounds of lead from bullets shot annually. Because outdoor ranges are typically built in an open area, lead and noise are more widely dispersed. Outdoor ranges need less cleaning and maintenance than indoor ranges. However, despite the natural ventilation of outdoor firing ranges, personal breathing zone lead levels can exceed the NIOSH recommended exposure limit (REL) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) [Mancuso et al. 2008]. Some outdoor ranges have ballistic baffles overhead and concrete walls and structures on the sides. The air in these spaces can become stagnant and lead to increased exposures." - NIOSHTIC-2
Author: Melvin Alexis Torres
Author: Melvin Alexis Torres
Author: Thomas L. Anania
Author: National Research Council
Author: Jessica G. Ramsey
Author: Jessica G. Ramsey
Author: Thomas L. Anania
Author: T. Anania
Author: Richard C. Whiting
Author: John O. Haight
Author: Susan Afanuh