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Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has recently set aggressive emission targets to reduce global marine fuel sulfur content from the current 3.5% to 0.5% in 2020. Similarly, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and other state agencies have established regulations limiting the sulfur content of fuel used in coastal regions (i.e., emission control areas or ECAs) to 0.1%. The main options for ships to comply with the low sulfur regulations include: 1) switching to low-sulfur bunker fuel, 2) installing onboard scrubbers, or 3) switching to liquefied natural gas. While the choice of adoption is primarily dependent on the vessel owner economic decisions, the global bunker fuel spec changes in 2020 will most likely force roughly 2.8 MM barrels per day of high sulfur fuel oil to switch to low sulfur fuel oil and distillates, possibly tightening the diesel market. Biomass-derived marine fuels offer potential synergistic benefits when blended with petroleum fuels by reducing the overall sulfur content, as well as improving overall lubricity and offering potentially lower ash and emission profiles. Biofuels derived from indirect liquefaction of biomass followed by Fisher-Tropsch (FT) synthesis can be cost competitive and environmentally sustainable. FT synthesis is considered a relatively mature conversion technology which involves the catalytic conversion of biomass-derived synthesis gas via indirect gasification into a mixture of reaction products which could be refined to synthetic fuels, lubricants, and petrochemicals. One of the important advantages that the FT process offers is its capability of producing liquid hydrocarbon fuels from synthesis gas, which are virtually free from sulfur and relatively low in aromatic content. This study evaluates the economic potential to utilize bio-derived marine fuels, as well as outlining further R&D needs and uncertainties associated with the integration of FT-derived hydrocarbon blendstock. With the increased availability of low-cost natural gas, this study also performs a scenario for the co-conversion of natural gas and biomass to marine fuels. Additionally, techno-economic assessment for marine fuels produced via hydrotreating of yellow grease will be presented and discussed.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has recently set aggressive emission targets to reduce global marine fuel sulfur content from the current 3.5% to 0.5% in 2020. Similarly, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and other state agencies have established regulations limiting the sulfur content of fuel used in coastal regions (i.e., emission control areas or ECAs) to 0.1%. The main options for ships to comply with the low sulfur regulations include: 1) switching to low-sulfur bunker fuel, 2) installing onboard scrubbers, or 3) switching to liquefied natural gas. While the choice of adoption is primarily dependent on the vessel owner economic decisions, the global bunker fuel spec changes in 2020 will most likely force roughly 2.8 MM barrels per day of high sulfur fuel oil to switch to low sulfur fuel oil and distillates, possibly tightening the diesel market. Biomass-derived marine fuels offer potential synergistic benefits when blended with petroleum fuels by reducing the overall sulfur content, as well as improving overall lubricity and offering potentially lower ash and emission profiles. Biofuels derived from indirect liquefaction of biomass followed by Fisher-Tropsch (FT) synthesis can be cost competitive and environmentally sustainable. FT synthesis is considered a relatively mature conversion technology which involves the catalytic conversion of biomass-derived synthesis gas via indirect gasification into a mixture of reaction products which could be refined to synthetic fuels, lubricants, and petrochemicals. One of the important advantages that the FT process offers is its capability of producing liquid hydrocarbon fuels from synthesis gas, which are virtually free from sulfur and relatively low in aromatic content. This study evaluates the economic potential to utilize bio-derived marine fuels, as well as outlining further R&D needs and uncertainties associated with the integration of FT-derived hydrocarbon blendstock. With the increased availability of low-cost natural gas, this study also performs a scenario for the co-conversion of natural gas and biomass to marine fuels. Additionally, techno-economic assessment for marine fuels produced via hydrotreating of yellow grease will be presented and discussed.
Author: Joshua Gorimbo Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry ISBN: 1839167831 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 442
Book Description
In an effort to reduce dependency on fossil fuel resources, biomass could essentially be converted into chemicals using high capacity processes. The Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) pathway has been chosen as the focus of this book as it is a mature area, and unlike other pathways such as pyrolysis, FTS is a potential way of producing fuel/hydrocarbons with no sulfur, no nitrogen, and no heavy metals contamination, making it a good choice. Integrating technological development and business development rationales to highlight the key technological developments that are necessary to industrialize biofuels on a global scale, this book focusses on the key challenges that still hinder the effective biomass use and the realization of zero fossil fuel use. Traditional biomass to hydrocarbons pathways are covered, showcasing how they are tailored to yield a specific group of chemicals with the aim of reducing downstream processes. New developments are considered, including process synthesis, catalysts, and reactors, etc. Providing an up-to-date overview of the production of specialty chemicals and fuels from biomass via the Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis pathway, this title makes an excellent addition to the libraries of academics and practitioners working in catalysis and chemical engineering.
Author: Mark Anthony Benvenuto Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG ISBN: 3110745682 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 141
Book Description
The "greening" of industry processes—making them more sustainable—is a popular and often lucrative trend. The volume covers green chemical processing in the context of climate change. The impact of catalysis, remediation of pollutants, and sustainable practices in process development on climate change are themes addressed in this volume. We also explore the adoption of sustainability and environmental justice in educational curricula. The American Chemical Society’s 12 Principles of Green Chemistry are woven throughout this text as well as throughout the series to which this book belongs.
Author: A Gugliuzza Publisher: Woodhead Publishing ISBN: 0857098659 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 441
Book Description
The development and deployment of membrane technologies continues to advance thanks to innovative materials and novel engineering approaches. Membranes for clean and renewable power applications introduces the principles and concepts of membrane technology and explores the use of this technology in clean energy applications.Chapters in part one introduce the utilization of membrane technology in the production of clean and renewable power and the combining of membrane processes with renewable energy technologies. Part two focusses on membranes for biofuel production and processing including membranes and membrane reactors for the production of biodiesel and second generation biofuels. Part three discusses membranes for syngas, hydrogen and oxygen production and processing. Chapters highlight steam reforming of biofuels for the production of hydrogen-rich gas A., perovskite membrane reactors, and environmental analysis of hydrogen-methane blends for transportation. Chapters in part four explore membranes for fuel cells including ceramic membranes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), microbial fuel cells, and direct bioethanol fuel cells. Finally, part five discusses membranes integrated with solar, wind energy and water-related applications including membrane technologies for solar-hydrogen production, solar-desalination plants, and the storage as methane of energy generated by wind power and other renewable sources. A final chapter introduces wastewater processing, energy conservation and energy generation.Membranes for clean and renewable power applications is a comprehensive resource for professionals and consultants in the clean and renewable energy industry, membrane and materials scientists and professionals, and academics and researchers in the field. - Introduces the principles and concepts of membrane technology and explores the use of this technology in clean energy applications
Author: Mark Crocker Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry ISBN: 1849732264 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 555
Book Description
There is increasing recognition that low-cost, high capacity processes for the conversion of biomass into fuels and chemicals are essential for expanding the utilization of carbon neutral processes, reducing dependency on fossil fuel resources, and increasing rural income. While much attention has focused on the use of biomass to produce ethanol via fermentation, high capacity processes are also required for the production of hydrocarbon fuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. In this context, this book provides an up-to-date overview of the thermochemical methods available for biomass conversion to liquid fuels and chemicals. In addition to traditional conversion technologies such as fast pyrolysis, new developments are considered, including catalytic routes for the production of liquid fuels from carbohydrates and the use of ionic liquids for lignocellulose utilization. The individual chapters, written by experts in the field, provide an introduction to each topic, as well as describing recent research developments.
Author: Peter M. Maitlis Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 3527656855 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 404
Book Description
Greener Fischer-Tropsch Processes How can we use our carbon-based resources in the most responsible manner? How can we most efficiently transform natural gas, coal, or biomass into diesel, jet fuel or gasoline to drive our machines? The Big Questions today are energy-related, and the Fischer-Tropsch process provides industrially tested solutions. This book offers a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the Fischer-Tropsch process, from the basic science and engineering to commercial issues. It covers industrial, economic, environmental, and fundamental aspects, with a specific focus on “green” concepts such as sustainability, process improvement, waste-reduction, and environmental care. The result is a practical reference for researchers, engineers, and financial analysts working in the energy sector, who are interested in carbon conversion, fuel processing or synthetic fuel technologies. It is also an ideal introductory book on the Fischer-Tropsch process for graduate courses in chemistry and chemical engineering.
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Author: Joshua Gorimbo
Author: Janet Skitt
Author: Hazel C. Anderson
Author: Mark Anthony Benvenuto
Author: A Gugliuzza
Author: Norma R. Golumbic
Author: Sergios Karatzos
Author: Mark Crocker
Author: Peter M. Maitlis