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Author: Martina Laura Vázquez Miranda Publisher: ISBN: Category : In situ remediation Languages : en Pages : 107
Book Description
Lead (Pb) speciation in soil is key for bioavailability assessment and exposure risk to humans from Pb contaminated soils. Soil ingestion is the main exposure pathway in Pb contaminated soils and in vitro bioaccessibility assays (IVBA) can predict relative bioavailable (RBA) Pb in soil by mimicking the GI tract conditions without traditional expensive animal feeding studies. In situ soil remediation has been considered an effective ecological treatment option compared to ex-situ techniques. The use of amendments such as biosolids, biochar, compost and phosphorous (P) amendments have been effective to decrease RBA in soils and, in doing so, reducing human exposure to the contaminant. In this study, soil amendments including biosolids, compost, wood-ash, biochar, soluble phosphate (SP) and their combinations were applied to Pb contaminated soil. Soil samples were incubated for up to 6 months at constant temperature, moisture and humidity. Samples were taken at three time points 1 (t1), 4 (t2) and 6 (t3) months of incubation and analyzed for total metal content, bioaccessible Pb (%IVBA-Pb), bioaccessible arsenic (%IVBA-As), organic carbon content (Org C), pH, extractable P and other key properties to determine the best treatment to reduce bioavailability of lead while improving soil health. Phosphorous was the most effective amendment to reduce %IVBA-Pb. Whether as individual or combined amendments, SP and biosolids resulted in 25-50% reductions of %IVBA Pb. Organic C addition did not reduce %IVBA-Pb, indicating complexation was not relevant for chemical immobilization of Pb in the case of strongly acidic soils such as the ones used in this experiment. %IVBA-As was correlated with pH and not P addition nor Organic C addition. Biosolid addition produced, apart from an expected plant available P increase, a great increase in Mineralizable Nitrogen content in the soils. Considering the importance of Nitrogen as an essential nutrient in plant growth, these results indicate that this amendment would be suitable for decreasing %IVBA-Pb and overall exposure to Pb contaminated soils. This is due to ensuring plant cover in the soils and decreasing soil erosion and loss, with the subsequent Pb dust dispersion, decreasing possible ingestion rates of the soil.
Author: Martina Laura Vázquez Miranda Publisher: ISBN: Category : In situ remediation Languages : en Pages : 107
Book Description
Lead (Pb) speciation in soil is key for bioavailability assessment and exposure risk to humans from Pb contaminated soils. Soil ingestion is the main exposure pathway in Pb contaminated soils and in vitro bioaccessibility assays (IVBA) can predict relative bioavailable (RBA) Pb in soil by mimicking the GI tract conditions without traditional expensive animal feeding studies. In situ soil remediation has been considered an effective ecological treatment option compared to ex-situ techniques. The use of amendments such as biosolids, biochar, compost and phosphorous (P) amendments have been effective to decrease RBA in soils and, in doing so, reducing human exposure to the contaminant. In this study, soil amendments including biosolids, compost, wood-ash, biochar, soluble phosphate (SP) and their combinations were applied to Pb contaminated soil. Soil samples were incubated for up to 6 months at constant temperature, moisture and humidity. Samples were taken at three time points 1 (t1), 4 (t2) and 6 (t3) months of incubation and analyzed for total metal content, bioaccessible Pb (%IVBA-Pb), bioaccessible arsenic (%IVBA-As), organic carbon content (Org C), pH, extractable P and other key properties to determine the best treatment to reduce bioavailability of lead while improving soil health. Phosphorous was the most effective amendment to reduce %IVBA-Pb. Whether as individual or combined amendments, SP and biosolids resulted in 25-50% reductions of %IVBA Pb. Organic C addition did not reduce %IVBA-Pb, indicating complexation was not relevant for chemical immobilization of Pb in the case of strongly acidic soils such as the ones used in this experiment. %IVBA-As was correlated with pH and not P addition nor Organic C addition. Biosolid addition produced, apart from an expected plant available P increase, a great increase in Mineralizable Nitrogen content in the soils. Considering the importance of Nitrogen as an essential nutrient in plant growth, these results indicate that this amendment would be suitable for decreasing %IVBA-Pb and overall exposure to Pb contaminated soils. This is due to ensuring plant cover in the soils and decreasing soil erosion and loss, with the subsequent Pb dust dispersion, decreasing possible ingestion rates of the soil.
Author: Samantha Jo DiCenso Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 136
Book Description
"Lead is known to cause health problems in humans, especially children, and an effective in-situ remediation option has been sought for years. Adding phosphoric acid (PA) to contaminated soil causes a reaction that binds the lead to phosphate to produce pyromorphite (Pb5(PO4)3Cl), a form of lead believed to be non-bioavailable; however, field trials have given varied results (Bosso et al 2008; Munksgaard and Lottermoser 2011; Tang et al. 2009). One explanation for these results might be the impact of the agent used to raise pH after phosphoric acid addition. In order to examine this explanation soil was collected from the Bonne Terre area in Missouri, which is known to have a high lead content due to past smelting activities. The soil was mixed with PA before calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide were added to the soil to neutralize the pH changes caused by the PA addition, and to determine whether the pH amendment impacted the rate of pyromorphite formation. The soil was then run through a physiologically-based extraction test (PBET) that simulates a child's stomach process to evaluate the success of the remediation attempt. The soil was monitored for a month after amendment addition, with all soil samples run through the PBET and a flame atomic absorption spectrometer to analyze the samples. Upon discovering that the change in concentration of extractable lead in soil was not statistically significant, an invitro test was conducted to discover what was occurring in the soil. Titration experiments were conducted based on the idea that pyromorphite was forming in the soil, but the low stomach pH was causing it to re-dissolve. The titration experiments showed that below pH 3, pyromorphite dissolves, a hitherto overlooked phenomenon"--Abstract, page iii.
Author: M. A. Rodrigo Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030681408 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 569
Book Description
This book provides an overview of the current development status of remediation technologies involving electrochemical processes, which are used to clean up soils that are contaminated with different types of contaminants (organics, inorganics, metalloids and radioactive). Written by internationally recognized experts, it comprises 21 chapters describing the characteristics and theoretical foundations of various electrochemical applications of soil remediation. The book’s opening section discusses the fundamental properties and characteristics of the soil, which are essential to understand the processes that can most effectively remove organic and inorganic compounds. This part also focuses on the primary processes that contribute to the application of electrochemically assisted remediation, hydrodynamic aspects and kinetics of contaminants in the soil. It also reviews the techniques that have been developed for the treatment of contaminated soils using electrochemistry, and discusses different strategies used to enhance performance, the type of electrode and electrolyte, and the most important operating conditions. In turn, the book’s second part deals with practical applications of technologies related to the separation of pollutants from soil. Special emphasis is given to the characteristics of these technologies regarding transport of the contaminants and soil toxicity after treatment. The third part is dedicated to new technologies, including electrokinetic remediation and hybrid approaches, for the treatment of emerging contaminants by ex-situ and in-situ production of strong oxidant species used for soil remediation. It also discusses pre-pilot scale for soil treatment and the use of solar photovoltaic panels as an energy source for powering electrochemical systems, which can reduce both the investment and maintenance costs of electrochemically assisted processes.
Author: Donald L. Wise Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1482289938 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 1011
Book Description
Offers thorough coverage of the remediation of soils contaminated by hazardous wastes, including materials, analytical techniques, cleanup design and methodology, characterization of geomedia, monitoring of contaminants in the subsurface, and waste containment. Cites specific case studies in hydrocarbon remediation that offer a concise overview of possible technological approaches.
Author: Mary R. Harris Publisher: Thomas Telford ISBN: 9780727720160 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 96
Book Description
This guide addresses the topics of investigation, assessment and remediation of contamination in the context of current thinking on how best to deal with the issues surrounding contaminated land, both in terms of redevelopment and from considerations of human health and environmental impacts.
Author: Austin Charles Doss Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 155
Book Description
"Phosphate treatments are used to immobilize lead in soil by forming pyromorphite. Soil from Bonne Terre, Mo was collected to study whether such treatment decreases the bioaccessibility of lead. The soil was treated using 0.5 soil wt% of phosphate. Treatments were: none, phosphoric acid, triple super phosphate, and organic bone meal. Each sample was studied after one, four, sixteen, and twenty weeks; during this time span, water was added approximating the average rainfall rate. Percolated water was collected to test the leached phosphate concentrations. Phosphate was below the detection limit in that leachate. Remediated soil samples were used in Physiologically Based Extraction Tests (PBET) and In Vitro Gastrointestinal Method Tests (IVG). Lead concentrations were determined using Flame Atomic Adsorption (FAA) and Graphite Furnace Atomic Adsorption (GFAA). Titrations of synthetically formed chloropyromorphite were conducted to determine the effect of pH on the dissolution of chloropyromorphite. Results showed that as pH decreased, dissolution between lead and phosphate increased. Ksp's of chloropyromorphite ranged from 10[sup -33.3] to 10[sup -84.4] depending on the varying pH and phosphate source. Remediated soil samples were used in a density separation analysis to determine heavy metal composition. Lead compounds such as lead sulfide, lead oxide and lead dioxide were found in trace amounts. The adsorption rate of lead through the stomach lining has been considered but not analyzed throughout this research. A decrease in lead bioaccessibility was observed after a remediation period of 20 weeks"--Abstract, page iii.
Author: Bobby G. Wixson Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1351361015 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 212
Book Description
Until the publication of this new book there had been a lack of well-founded guidelines for evaluating concentrations of lead in soil and its relationship to human health. Thus, much confusion has existed among regulatory agencies, industries, public health officials, and the medical community about the evaluation and remedying of lead-contaminated soils. Lead in Soil: Recommended Guidelines represents the combined efforts of a multi-disciplinary international task force from the Society for Environmental Geochemistry and Health (SEGH) whose members are experts in the fields of lead pollution and toxicology. It provides an international consensus concerning environmental lead and blood lead-especially in children. The task force evaluated the evidence and made recommendations for guidelines to appraise lead concentration. It also studied the influence of soil and other sources of lead on blood lead concentrations. A model was prepared that allows the user to select appropriate target levels of blood lead while allowing for a variety of environmental situations or regulatory criteria.
Author: Martina Laura Vázquez Miranda
Author: Martina Laura Vázquez Miranda
Author: Samantha Jo DiCenso
Author: M. A. Rodrigo
Author: Rebekah L. Doyle
Author: Donald L. Wise
Author: 
Author: Zhiao Shi
Author: Mary R. Harris
Author: Austin Charles Doss
Author: Bobby G. Wixson