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Author: Anna Fry Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 24
Book Description
Abstract: Listening and understanding speech in noisy environments is a situation that many people encounter in their daily lives. This problem is exacerbated by old age or the presence of a hearing loss. The purpose of the present study was to investigate two components that contribute to successful word recognition in noise. The first component is the advantage of binaural over monaural listening and the second is the role of contextual cues. Ten normal hearing young adults aged 20-24 years old participated. Sentences from the Speech Perception in Noise (SPIN) test were presented to the subject through insert ear phones simultaneously with multitalker babble as background noise under three conditions: 1) noise and signal presented to the right ear, 2) noise and signal presented to the left ear, and 3) noise and signal presented to both the left and right ears. The subject was told to repeat the last word in each sentence and the responses were scored as correct or incorrect. Results show that subjects perform better on word recognition tasks in the binaural listening condition versus the monaural listening conditions. Performance was also better with high predictability sentences in which the context can be useful for word recognition. Literature has shown that older adults also rely on context for word recognition, so it can be expected that for the older adults who are hard of hearing word recognition would be most successful when listening with two ears and when presented with high contextual information.
Author: Anna Fry Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 24
Book Description
Abstract: Listening and understanding speech in noisy environments is a situation that many people encounter in their daily lives. This problem is exacerbated by old age or the presence of a hearing loss. The purpose of the present study was to investigate two components that contribute to successful word recognition in noise. The first component is the advantage of binaural over monaural listening and the second is the role of contextual cues. Ten normal hearing young adults aged 20-24 years old participated. Sentences from the Speech Perception in Noise (SPIN) test were presented to the subject through insert ear phones simultaneously with multitalker babble as background noise under three conditions: 1) noise and signal presented to the right ear, 2) noise and signal presented to the left ear, and 3) noise and signal presented to both the left and right ears. The subject was told to repeat the last word in each sentence and the responses were scored as correct or incorrect. Results show that subjects perform better on word recognition tasks in the binaural listening condition versus the monaural listening conditions. Performance was also better with high predictability sentences in which the context can be useful for word recognition. Literature has shown that older adults also rely on context for word recognition, so it can be expected that for the older adults who are hard of hearing word recognition would be most successful when listening with two ears and when presented with high contextual information.
Author: Ruth Y. Litovsky Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030571009 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 425
Book Description
The field of Binaural Hearing involves studies of auditory perception, physiology, and modeling, including normal and abnormal aspects of the system. Binaural processes involved in both sound localization and speech unmasking have gained a broader interest and have received growing attention in the published literature. The field has undergone some significant changes. There is now a much richer understanding of the many aspects that comprising binaural processing, its role in development, and in success and limitations of hearing-aid and cochlear-implant users. The goal of this volume is to provide an up-to-date reference on the developments and novel ideas in the field of binaural hearing. The primary readership for the volume is expected to be academic specialists in the diverse fields that connect with psychoacoustics, neuroscience, engineering, psychology, audiology, and cochlear implants. This volume will serve as an important resource by way of introduction to the field, in particular for graduate students, postdoctoral scholars, the faculty who train them and clinicians.
Author: Jens Blauert Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030003868 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 815
Book Description
Sound, devoid of meaning, would not matter to us. It is the information sound conveys that helps the brain to understand its environment. Sound and its underlying meaning are always associated with time and space. There is no sound without spatial properties, and the brain always organizes this information within a temporal–spatial framework. This book is devoted to understanding the importance of meaning for spatial and related further aspects of hearing, including cross-modal inference. People, when exposed to acoustic stimuli, do not react directly to what they hear but rather to what they hear means to them. This semiotic maxim may not always apply, for instance, when the reactions are reflexive. But, where it does apply, it poses a major challenge to the builders of models of the auditory system. Take, for example, an auditory model that is meant to be implemented on a robotic agent for autonomous search-&-rescue actions. Or think of a system that can perform judgments on the sound quality of multimedia-reproduction systems. It becomes immediately clear that such a system needs • Cognitive capabilities, including substantial inherent knowledge • The ability to integrate information across different sensory modalities To realize these functions, the auditory system provides a pair of sensory organs, the two ears, and the means to perform adequate preprocessing of the signals provided by the ears. This is realized in the subcortical parts of the auditory system. In the title of a prior book, the term Binaural Listening is used to indicate a focus on sub-cortical functions. Psychoacoustics and auditory signal processing contribute substantially to this area. The preprocessed signals are then forwarded to the cortical parts of the auditory system where, among other things, recognition, classification, localization, scene analysis, assignment of meaning, quality assessment, and action planning take place. Also, information from different sensory modalities is integrated at this level. Between sub-cortical and cortical regions of the auditory system, numerous feedback loops exist that ultimately support the high complexity and plasticity of the auditory system. The current book concentrates on these cognitive functions. Instead of processing signals, processing symbols is now the predominant modeling task. Substantial contributions to the field draw upon the knowledge acquired by cognitive psychology. The keyword Binaural Understanding in the book title characterizes this shift. Both books, The Technology of Binaural Listening and the current one, have been stimulated and supported by AABBA, an open research group devoted to the development and application of models of binaural hearing. The current book is dedicated to technologies that help explain, facilitate, apply, and support various aspects of binaural understanding. It is organized into five parts, each containing three to six chapters in order to provide a comprehensive overview of this emerging area. Each chapter was thoroughly reviewed by at least two anonymous, external experts. The first part deals with the psychophysical and physiological effects of Forming and Interpreting Aural Objects as well as the underlying models. The fundamental concepts of reflexive and reflective auditory feedback are introduced. Mechanisms of binaural attention and attention switching are covered—as well as how auditory Gestalt rules facilitate binaural understanding. A general blackboard architecture is introduced as an example of how machines can learn to form and interpret aural objects to simulate human cognitive listening. The second part, Configuring and Understanding Aural Space, focuses on the human understanding of complex three-dimensional environments—covering the psychological and biological fundamentals of auditory space formation. This part further addresses the human mechanisms used to process information and interact in complex reverberant environments, such as concert halls and forests, and additionally examines how the auditory system can learn to understand and adapt to these environments. The third part is dedicated to Processing Cross-Modal Inference and highlights the fundamental human mechanisms used to integrate auditory cues with cues from other modalities to localize and form perceptual objects. This part also provides a general framework for understanding how complex multimodal scenes can be simulated and rendered. The fourth part, Evaluating Aural-scene Quality and Speech Understanding, focuses on the object-forming aspects of binaural listening and understanding. It addresses cognitive mechanisms involved in both the understanding of speech and the processing of nonverbal information such as Sound Quality and Quality-of- Experience. The aesthetic judgment of rooms is also discussed in this context. Models that simulate underlying human processes and performance are covered in addition to techniques for rendering virtual environments that can then be used to test these models. The fifth part deals with the Application of Cognitive Mechanisms to Audio Technology. It highlights how cognitive mechanisms can be utilized to create spatial auditory illusions using binaural and other 3D-audio technologies. Further, it covers how cognitive binaural technologies can be applied to improve human performance in auditory displays and to develop new auditory technologies for interactive robots. The book concludes with the application of cognitive binaural technologies to the next generation of hearing aids.
Author: Steven Greenberg Publisher: Psychology Press ISBN: 1135624909 Category : Language Arts & Disciplines Languages : en Pages : 443
Book Description
The human species is largely defined by its use of spoken language, so integral is speech communication to behavior and social interaction. Despite its importance in everyday life, comparatively little is known about the auditory mechanisms that underlie the ability to understand language. The current volume examines the perception and processing of speech from the perspective of the hearing system. The chapters in this book describe a comprehensive set of approaches to the scientific study of speech and hearing, ranging from anatomy and physiology, to psychophysics and perception, and computational modeling. The auditory basis of speech is examined within a biological and an evolutionary context, and its relevance to applied domains such as communication disorders and speech technology discussed in detail. This volume will be of interest to scientists, engineers, and clinicians whose professional work pertains to any aspect of spoken language or hearing science.
Author: Tuomas Virtanen Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1119970881 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 514
Book Description
Automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems are finding increasing use in everyday life. Many of the commonplace environments where the systems are used are noisy, for example users calling up a voice search system from a busy cafeteria or a street. This can result in degraded speech recordings and adversely affect the performance of speech recognition systems. As the use of ASR systems increases, knowledge of the state-of-the-art in techniques to deal with such problems becomes critical to system and application engineers and researchers who work with or on ASR technologies. This book presents a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art in techniques used to improve the robustness of speech recognition systems to these degrading external influences. Key features: Reviews all the main noise robust ASR approaches, including signal separation, voice activity detection, robust feature extraction, model compensation and adaptation, missing data techniques and recognition of reverberant speech. Acts as a timely exposition of the topic in light of more widespread use in the future of ASR technology in challenging environments. Addresses robustness issues and signal degradation which are both key requirements for practitioners of ASR. Includes contributions from top ASR researchers from leading research units in the field
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309092965 Category : Social Science Languages : en Pages : 321
Book Description
Millions of Americans experience some degree of hearing loss. The Social Security Administration (SSA) operates programs that provide cash disability benefits to people with permanent impairments like hearing loss, if they can show that their impairments meet stringent SSA criteria and their earnings are below an SSA threshold. The National Research Council convened an expert committee at the request of the SSA to study the issues related to disability determination for people with hearing loss. This volume is the product of that study. Hearing Loss: Determining Eligibility for Social Security Benefits reviews current knowledge about hearing loss and its measurement and treatment, and provides an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the current processes and criteria. It recommends changes to strengthen the disability determination process and ensure its reliability and fairness. The book addresses criteria for selection of pure tone and speech tests, guidelines for test administration, testing of hearing in noise, special issues related to testing children, and the difficulty of predicting work capacity from clinical hearing test results. It should be useful to audiologists, otolaryngologists, disability advocates, and others who are concerned with people who have hearing loss.
Author: Steven Greenberg Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 0387215751 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 487
Book Description
Although speech is the primary behavioral medium by which humans communicate, its auditory basis is poorly understood, having profound implications on efforts to ameliorate the behavioral consequences of hearing impairment and on the development of robust algorithms for computer speech recognition. In this volume, the authors provide an up-to-date synthesis of recent research in the area of speech processing in the auditory system, bringing together a diverse range of scientists to present the subject from an interdisciplinary perspective. Of particular concern is the ability to understand speech in uncertain, potentially adverse acoustic environments, currently the bane of both hearing aid and speech recognition technology. There is increasing evidence that the perceptual stability characteristic of speech understanding is due, at least in part, to elegant transformations of the acoustic signal performed by auditory mechanisms. As a comprehensive review of speech's auditory basis, this book will interest physiologists, anatomists, psychologists, phoneticians, computer scientists, biomedical and electrical engineers, and clinicians.
Author: Anna Fry
Author: Anna Fry
Author: Ruth Y. Litovsky
Author: Lisa Anne Roberts
Author: Jens Blauert
Author: Steven Greenberg
Author: June Kathleen McCullough
Author: Tuomas Virtanen
Author: Ann McKinley Rothpletz
Author: National Research Council
Author: Steven Greenberg