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Author: Claudio Ferraz Publisher: IIED ISBN: 1843693070 Category : Languages : en Pages : 29
Book Description
Air pollution concentrations have been rapidly increasing in the major urban areas of Brazil caused mainly by the increasing use of vehicles. In the presence of this negative externality, environmental regulation is required. Car emission control policies in Brazil have relied basically on mandatory emission standards and subsidies for specific cleaner technology resulting in substantial decrease of car emission rates. Nevertheless, car sale taxes, differentiated by vehicles' size and fuel, have also influenced car emission patterns. This paper analyzes the compliance trend of the Brazilian fleet with environmental standards between 1992 and 1997. We find that larger automobiles had the fastest compliance schedule while popular models adjusted very slowly. Also gasoline-fueled models had a faster adjustment pattern than ethanol cars. Additionally, we analyze the current relationship between pollution emissions and car characteristics in order to orient policy formulation. We find a positive relationship between emissions rates and horse power, concluding that although the current value added-sale car tax is not environmental harmful, a tax differentiating clean from dirty models, within each tax bracket, could create substantial incentives for emission control in the future.
Author: Claudio Ferraz Publisher: IIED ISBN: 1843693070 Category : Languages : en Pages : 29
Book Description
Air pollution concentrations have been rapidly increasing in the major urban areas of Brazil caused mainly by the increasing use of vehicles. In the presence of this negative externality, environmental regulation is required. Car emission control policies in Brazil have relied basically on mandatory emission standards and subsidies for specific cleaner technology resulting in substantial decrease of car emission rates. Nevertheless, car sale taxes, differentiated by vehicles' size and fuel, have also influenced car emission patterns. This paper analyzes the compliance trend of the Brazilian fleet with environmental standards between 1992 and 1997. We find that larger automobiles had the fastest compliance schedule while popular models adjusted very slowly. Also gasoline-fueled models had a faster adjustment pattern than ethanol cars. Additionally, we analyze the current relationship between pollution emissions and car characteristics in order to orient policy formulation. We find a positive relationship between emissions rates and horse power, concluding that although the current value added-sale car tax is not environmental harmful, a tax differentiating clean from dirty models, within each tax bracket, could create substantial incentives for emission control in the future.
Author: Claudio A. Ferraz do Amaral Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Air pollution concentrations have been rapidly increasing in the major urban areas of Brazil caused mainly by the increasing use of vehicles. In the presence of this negative externality, environmental regulation is required. Car emission control policies in Brazil have relied basically on mandatory emission standards and subsidies for specific cleaner technology resulting in substantial decrease of car emission rates. Nevertheless, car sale taxes, differentiated by vehicles' size and fuel, have also influenced car emission patterns. This paper analyzes the compliance trend of the Brazilian fleet with environmental standards between 1992 and 1997. We find that larger automobiles had the fastest compliance schedule while popular models adjusted very slowly. Also gasoline-fueled models had a faster adjustment pattern than ethanol cars. Additionally, we analyze the current relationship between pollution emissions and car characteristics in order to orient policy formulation. We find a positive relationship between emissions rates and horse power, concluding that although the current value added-sale car tax is not environmental harmful, a tax differentiating clean from dirty models, within each tax bracket, could create substantial incentives for emission control in the future.
Author: Claudio Ferraz Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Pollution emissions from mobile sources have increased considerably over the past years in many Brazilian cities generating substantial health problems. As a response, automobile pollution environmental standards were implemented in 1988 and considerable emission reductions were attained. Nevertheless, substantial differences in emission still remained among car models in 1997, suggesting the need for further regulation. This paper simulated the effects of a new environmental standard on the automobile market. Using a discrete-choice model of demand and disaggregate data on the Brazilian car market from 1993 to 1997, we estimate own and cross-price elasticities for each car model. This estimation is undertaken using a nested-logit model considering the choice between car classes and nationality. An oligopoly framework with differentiated products is used in the supply side in order to estimate unobserved marginal costs. Further, a hedonic-cost function relating marginal cost to characteristics and emissions is estimated. Based on the results obtained and the 1997 emission data, we undertake a counterfactual simulation of a new pollution standard for hydrocarbons vehicle emissions. The results indicate that imposing a new standard of 0.15 gram per kilometer for all automobiles, given the existent technology, would generate an average increase in prices of 13% and a reduction in total sales of 31%. This would generate a reduction in total HC emissions, by kilometer driven, of 39% with a tax revenue loss of a 16%. The paper concludes that although substantial emission reductions could be induced by a tighter standard, incentives for innovations on low-cost emission control devices and the welfare effects of such a policy deserve further analysis.
Author: Publisher: World Bank Publications ISBN: Category : Air Languages : en Pages : 131
Book Description
Automotive air pollution will intensify with increasing urbanization and the rapid pace of motorization in developing countries. Without effective measures to curb air pollution, some 300-400 million city dwellers in developing countries will become exposed to unhealthy and dangerous levels of air pollution by the end of the century. Administratively simple policies that encourage clean fuels and better traffic management are the most promising approach to controlling vehicle pollutant emissions in developing countries.
Author: Bekir Onursal Publisher: World Bank Publications ISBN: 9780821340165 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 308
Book Description
Much is expected of private financing to help meet the infrastructure requirements of the rapidly growing East Asian economies. Although private financing grew briskly during the 1990s, it represents only a small share of all infrastructure investment in the region (between 12 and 18 percent). This monograph draws on experience in a number of countries in East Asia, as well as Australia, Chile, and India, to analyze the impediments to and prospects for private financing of infrastructure. The chapters discuss the choices available to policymakers and the strategies that governments have followed. An overview chapter describes recent trends in international financing of infrastructure projects in the region, discusses the key policy and institutional impediments to greater private participation, and assesses the role of domestic capital markets and finance. It also outlines a national and regional strategy for stimulating private investment in infrastructure. The case studies from countries outside East Asia illustrate the payoffs of increased integration and concerted moves toward private provision of infrastructure.
Author: Ashish Bharadwaj Publisher: Springer ISBN: 9811069522 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 119
Book Description
The book examines innovation in environment-friendly technologies in the automobile industry. The focus of the book are Germany (a technology leader in the global automobile industry), on the one hand, and India, China and Brazil (technologically proficient emerging technology leaders) on the other hand. Patents have been used as a metric to measure and understand innovation. The book traces the evolution of regulatory standards in the automobile industry, relies on a unique patent dataset, and draws on a number of interviews conducted with regulators and engineers to get a better picture of how environmental policies and standards, including emission norms and fuel requirements, have developed overtime and now the industry has responded. The book’s core argument is that technological innovation is what has driven the industry in the past 125 years, but, at the same time, the industry has created problems and faced controversies with regard to its path dependency on carbon-intensive technologies. As a result, we have witnessed growing role of environmental regulators in ensuring that the growth path of the automobile industry, a powerhouse of growth of several economies, is aligned with the larger goals of addressing climate change and energy concerns. Against the backdrop of the emergence of Brazil, China and India in the global economy, the book focuses on the developments in these three countries, and draws parallels with Germany, which benefited from first mover advantage in technology and a substantial head-start in implementing cogent environmental policies. A standardized International Patent Classification (IPC) system has been used to, first, construct an index of regulatory stringency, based on regulations that came about between 1985 and 2010; and second, construct a unique cross-country weighted patent dataset for technologies invented in the past two and a half decades.
Author: World Bank. Latin America and the Caribbean, Country Dept. I. Natural Resources and Rural Poverty Division Publisher: ISBN: Category : Environmental law Languages : en Pages : 162
Author: Claudio Ferraz
Author: Claudio Ferraz
Author: Claudio A. Ferraz do Amaral
Author: Claudio Ferraz
Author: 
Author: Joffre Dan Swait
Author: Alfred Szwarc
Author: Bekir Onursal
Author: Ashish Bharadwaj
Author: World Bank. Latin America and the Caribbean, Country Dept. I. Natural Resources and Rural Poverty Division
Author: Shyam Kishor Agarwal