Associations of Pre- and Post-partum Lying Time with Metabolic Status, Health, Survival, and Performance of Dairy Cows PDF Download
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Author: Juan M. Piñeiro Publisher: ISBN: Category : Dairy cattle Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Dairy cattle have strong behavioral need to rest and deprivation of their lying time (LT) has been associated with lameness and changes in feeding behavior and endocrinological milieu. However, the effects of LT during the transition period on metabolic stress, inflammation, health and performance have not yet been fully investigated. Therefore, the following tree specific aims were conducted. A total of 1052 Holstein cattle (401 nulliparous heifers and 651 parous cows) from 3 commercial dairy farms were enrolled for this prospective cohort study. The first aim (Chapter 3) was to evaluate the association of pre- and postpartum lying time (LT) on calcium and energy balance (NEFA and BHB), inflammation (haptoglobin and hemogram), and health status of dairy cows. Prepartum LT had significant quadratic association on serum NEFA concentration, but was not significantly associated with serum Ca concentration within 48 h after calving. Increased LT within 14 DIM was associated with increased risk of diagnosis with ketosis within 14 DIM, inflammation, and incidence of postpartum diseases. Findings from this study suggest that LT along with Ca and energy balance are critical for transition cow health. The second aim (Chapter 4) was to assess the association of post-partum LT on milk yield, components (milk fat and protein percentage), and somatic cell count (SCC). Milk yield at first DHIA test was not associated with LT within the first 14 DIM, but was negatively correlated with the daily coefficient of variation (CV) of LT within 14 DIM. However, health status was associated with milk yield and components, and health status was associated with LT within 14 DIM. The third aim (Chapter 5) was to evaluate the association of lying time (LT) within the first 14 days in milk (DIM) and health status on culling within 60 DIM, cyclicity, and reproductive performance. LT had a positive linear association with culling, for every hour increment of LT within 14 DIM the culling risk within 60 DIM increased by 1 percentage point, and negative quadratic association with cyclicity at 42 DIM. Multiparous cows with a LT of 9-13 h/d had greater probability of pregnancy up to 300 DIM compared to cows with a LT >13 h/d. These findings suggest that there is an optimum daily LT range for early postpartum cows housed in freestall barns, different than reported for mid lactation cows, with the potential for improved reproductive performance.
Author: Juan M. Piñeiro Publisher: ISBN: Category : Dairy cattle Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Dairy cattle have strong behavioral need to rest and deprivation of their lying time (LT) has been associated with lameness and changes in feeding behavior and endocrinological milieu. However, the effects of LT during the transition period on metabolic stress, inflammation, health and performance have not yet been fully investigated. Therefore, the following tree specific aims were conducted. A total of 1052 Holstein cattle (401 nulliparous heifers and 651 parous cows) from 3 commercial dairy farms were enrolled for this prospective cohort study. The first aim (Chapter 3) was to evaluate the association of pre- and postpartum lying time (LT) on calcium and energy balance (NEFA and BHB), inflammation (haptoglobin and hemogram), and health status of dairy cows. Prepartum LT had significant quadratic association on serum NEFA concentration, but was not significantly associated with serum Ca concentration within 48 h after calving. Increased LT within 14 DIM was associated with increased risk of diagnosis with ketosis within 14 DIM, inflammation, and incidence of postpartum diseases. Findings from this study suggest that LT along with Ca and energy balance are critical for transition cow health. The second aim (Chapter 4) was to assess the association of post-partum LT on milk yield, components (milk fat and protein percentage), and somatic cell count (SCC). Milk yield at first DHIA test was not associated with LT within the first 14 DIM, but was negatively correlated with the daily coefficient of variation (CV) of LT within 14 DIM. However, health status was associated with milk yield and components, and health status was associated with LT within 14 DIM. The third aim (Chapter 5) was to evaluate the association of lying time (LT) within the first 14 days in milk (DIM) and health status on culling within 60 DIM, cyclicity, and reproductive performance. LT had a positive linear association with culling, for every hour increment of LT within 14 DIM the culling risk within 60 DIM increased by 1 percentage point, and negative quadratic association with cyclicity at 42 DIM. Multiparous cows with a LT of 9-13 h/d had greater probability of pregnancy up to 300 DIM compared to cows with a LT >13 h/d. These findings suggest that there is an optimum daily LT range for early postpartum cows housed in freestall barns, different than reported for mid lactation cows, with the potential for improved reproductive performance.
Author: Murilo Romulo Carvalho Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
This thesis investigated whether clinical diseases postpartum have long-term consequences for production, reproduction, and culling of dairy cows, and whether the potential long-term effects on reproduction extend to postnatal life in pregnancies that survive to term. In addition, it also investigated potential developmental programming in heifers associated with the metabolic status of the dam during gestation (nonlactating heifer vs lactating cow). The results showed that clinical diseases postpartum reduce lactation and reproductive performances for a long period after clinical resolution of the disease, and increase culling. In addition, daughters of cows that had disease in the lactation preceding their birth had reduced morbidity up to first lactation but were more likely to leave the herd compared with daughters of cows that did not have disease. Potential developmental programming caused by metabolic status of the dam was also characterized and further contribute to the general understanding of developmental programming in cattle.
Author: Juliana Mae Huzzey Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 183
Book Description
One of the most challenging periods for a dairy cow is during the 3-week period before and after calving. During this period cows undergo several changes in diet, social re-groupings, and dramatic metabolic and physiological adaptations to prepare for parturition and lactation; cows that cannot adapt to these challenges are at increased risk for disease and lower milk yield after calving. The objectives of this research were to: 1) evaluate how physiological parameters associated with stress (plasma cortisol and fecal cortisol metabolites), inflammation (haptoglobin; Hp), and energy metabolism (nonesterified fatty acids: NEFA) measured during the period around calving relate to health status, milk yield and reproductive performance after calving, and 2) identify specific management practices that increase prepartum stress-load and the mechanisms by which health is affected under these conditions. Increased concentrations of analytes related to stress and inflammation measured during the 3 weeks before calving were poor predictors of postpartum disease incidence when compared to increased concentrations of plasma NEFA, a measure of negative energy balance. However, increased concentrations of plasma Hp and fecal cortisol metabolites, particularly during the week after calving, were better predictors of milk yield and reproductive performance than NEFA. Despite it's widespread use in research as a measure of stress, concentrations of plasma cortisol are easily confounded by the stress associated with handling and sample collection; for use in field diagnostics to identify high risk cattle or herds, plasma cortisol is a weak and inconsistent predictor of health and performance. In the second study, overstocking during the dry period was identified as a management practice capable of compromising physiological health. Cattle that were overstocked had greater concentrations of fecal cortisol metabolites and plasma NEFA, and altered energy metabolism as evidenced by reduced glucose clearance rates and an attenuated insulin response to a glucose challenge. Cattle that are the least successful at competing for access to the overstocked feed bunk were at the greatest risk for these metabolic disturbances. The knowledge gained from this research will be used to improve management of cattle around calving to promote health, productivity and overall animal well-being.
Author: Sarah Elizabeth LaCount Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 282
Book Description
The transition from pregnancy to lactation is a time of great metabolic adaptations for the dairy cow. Dry matter intake decreases, yet demand for nutrients increase vastly with the onset of milk production resulting in negative energy balance. Cows must mobilize body tissues to increase energy for the body while sparing glucose for the mammary gland. Due to this increased metabolic demand and negative energy balance, cows often end up in a state of metabolic dysfunction which can have disastrous consequences. Nutritional strategies can help increase glucose precursors while decreasing body tissue mobilization that is linked to increased risk of disease. Previous research is mixed on the impacts of high starch to increase glucose precursors to the cow immediately postpartum, likely due to an increased risk for subacute ruminal acidosis that can result in metabolic dysfunction and inflammation. Feeding strategies which utilize high starch while also including higher fiber to promote rumen health have not been conducted. The objectives of this dissertation were to: 1) investigate interplay of fiber fractions in high starch postpartum dairy cow diets on performance, hepatic metabolism and energy balance, 2) examine interplay of inflammation, hepatic metabolism, energy metabolites, and metabolic hormones in the postpartum period, and 3) investigate opportunities to combine use of a higher digestibility corn silage with monensin to optimize production and health in the periparturient period. Increased fiber in the postpartum diet can limit intake in early lactation, resulting in negatively altered metabolism and production. As intake restrictions were eased by feeding a more fermentable diet, cows were able to recover intake, production, and energy metabolites in a matter of days to match cows that were not limited in intake early postpartum. Increased fiber in diets that may pose a higher risk of subacute ruminal acidosis may still be warranted, though further research on fiber levels and fractions is needed. Correlations between improved hepatic metabolism and metabolic hormones indicative of energy balance were positive, though correlations between markers of improved hepatic metabolism and inflammation were negative. Cows fed corn silage with higher digestibility and monensin, which increases glucose precursors, showed a possible synergistic effect on milk production. Using either strategy alone increased energy status, improved metabolism and health status, however a combination of both strategies decreased milk components, indicating they might negatively alter the rumen environment and milk fat synthesis.
Author: Alissa L. Hunter Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 69
Book Description
Limited evidence is available in the literature about the effect of subclinical hypocalcemia (HYPO) of dams at calving on survival and health of calves. The objective was to assess the effect of clinical and subclinical hypocalcemia (HYPO) (=8.0 mg/dL) of the dam at calving on survival, health, and performance of lactating dairy cows and calves. Prepartum dairy cows (primiparous, n = 445; multiparous, n = 328) from one dairy herd were monitored (close-up pen) for imminent signs of parturition (appearance of amniotic sac outside the vulva) until birth. Calving ease, date and time of birth, single or multiple calves, calf sex, stillbirth (born dead or died within 24 h after birth), BCS immediately after calving, and hygiene score of the perineum were recorded. All female calves were subject to the same newborn care and colostrum management. Total post-partum serum calcium of cows was determined within 2 h after calving. The association of HYPO on survival (died or culled within 60 DIM), metritis, and pregnancy per AI (P/AI) for first services of lactating cows were analyzed using the GLIMMIX proceducre of SAS. Pregnancy status up to 300 DIM was assessed using the PHREG procedure of SAS. Additionally the association of HYPO at calving between milk yield, milk components (percent fat and protein), and SCC were analyzed for the first three postpartum DHIA tests using MIXED procedure of SAS. The effect of HYPO at calving on calf survival, failure of passive transfer (FPT; serum total proteins =5.5 mg/dL), and diarrhea within 10 d of age were assessed using GLIMMIX. The overall prevalence of HYPO was 15% (9% for promiparous and 30% for multiparous cows). Cows experiencing HYPO at calving had greater proportion (P 0.05) of metritis (29.4%) were more likely to be culled within 60 DIM (15.9%) compared to non-HYPO cows (17.3% and 6.8%, respectively). For the first three DHIA tests, milk yield and components did not differ between HYPO and non-HYPO cows. The proportion of P/AI at first service was not different (P 0.05) between HYPO (30%) and non-HYPO cows (37%) up to 300 DIM. The proportion of stillbirth and FPT did not differ (P > 0.05) between calves born from HYPO or non-HYPO cows. However, calves born from HYPO cows had greater (49%; P
Author: Takashi Yasui Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 265
Book Description
Factors associated with a failure to adapt metabolic and physiological regulation during the transition period include oxidative stress, metabolic disorders, and imbalanced energy status. Those factors are not only correlated to each other, but also related to low performance and immune suppression, which leads to development of periparturient-related diseases such as cytological endometritis (CE). The objectives of this work were to investigate the: 1) effect of source of trace minerals on production, oxidative metabolism, and the incidence of CE; 2) effect of chromium propionate (Cr-Pro) supplementation on production, metabolism, and the incidence of CE; 3) effect of supplemental monensin and varying postpartum fermentable starch level on the incidence of CE and related immune functions; and 4) association of CE with energy metabolism and inflammation. The first experiment found that, compared to inorganic or organic sources, supplemental hydroxy trace minerals (HTM), a recently available source of trace minerals, improved aspects of milk production, modulated plasma indices of oxidative balance, and reduced plasma haptoglobin levels immediately after parturition, suggesting that HTM are more bioavailable and can affect the body system related to production, oxidative metabolism, and inflammatory responses. In experiment two, feeding Cr-Pro resulted in improved prepartum dry matter intake in addition to reduced prepartum plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), and decreased incidence of CE along with increased uterine neutrophil influx immediately after parturition. This implies that Cr-Pro can improve periparturient energy metabolism and uterine immunity. The third experiment revealed that innate immune responses were improved during the early postpartum period in cows fed high starch diets for 3 weeks after parturition, and during early lactation in cows fed monensin. Finally, analyses conducted indicated that negative energy balance during the first 3 weeks after parturition was a critical factor to develop CE because cows with CE had higher area under the curve of plasma NEFA and beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and lower calculated energy balance during that period compared to cows without CE. The findings obtained from this work give practical approaches to optimize overall performance in transition dairy cows and provide partial mechanisms for how oxidative status, metabolism, and energy balance interrelate.
Author: Juan M. Piñeiro
Author: Juan M. Piñeiro
Author: Murilo Romulo Carvalho
Author: Juliana Mae Huzzey
Author: Sarah Elizabeth LaCount
Author: Alissa L. Hunter
Author: 
Author: Cynthia Miltenburg![Effects of Pre-calving Body Condition and Postpartum Concentrate Feed Proportions of the Ration on Performance, Mobilization of Adipose Tissue Depots, Ruminal PH Parameters, Microbial Efficiency and Animal Health During the Transition Period in Dairy Cows [Kumulative Dissertation] PDF](https://books.google.com/books/content/images/frontcover/s28XzwEACAAJ?fife=w80-h100)
Author: Katharina Bünemann
Author: Takashi Yasui![Metabolic Status and Reproductive Activity in Postpartum Dairy Cows [microform] PDF](https://books.google.com/books/content/images/frontcover/pikpNQEACAAJ?fife=w80-h100)
Author: Eva Zurek