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Author: Wang, Xixi Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 129
Book Description
"Brain aging is accompanied with multiple symptoms including memory deficits, executive dysfunctions, depression, stress dysregulation, etc. These symptoms may result in serial adverse consequences, including cognitive decline, poor quality of life, reduced participation in intellectually beneficial activities, or mobility restriction. Moreover, abnormal aging that accompanies neuropathological changes can lead to dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Investigating how these brain-aging associated symptoms precede incident dementia, such as AD, is the first step in the early detection and prevention of AD for the aging population. The serial studies herein focused on the restingstate functional magnetic resonance imaging data as a way to understand the aging brain. Multivariate pattern analysis models were developed to characterize the profile of brain function that are related to aging-associated cognitive, behavioral, and psychological symptoms. The relationships between the brain function profile and AD pathological measurements were also examined across different clinical phenotypes. First, a set of brain regions whose amplitudes of low-frequency activation patterns were identified, distinguishing Supernormals (older adults with longitudinally excellent cognitive performance) from normal agers. Second, a shared neural circuit whose functional connectivity patterns was revealed, predicting multiple behavioral disturbances in patients with AD and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), a group at high risk for AD. Third, the inter-network patterns whose correlations between functional connectomes before and after an acute stress task were compared. The correspondence between the two sets of inter-network patterns in stress regulation was disrupted in aMCI group when compared with cognitively normal controls. Taken together, the in-depth characterization of brain aging functional profile, based on the relevant symptoms, across the cognitive aging spectrum (from normal cognitive aging to dementia, or to excellent cognitive aging) help lay the foundation for developing computational model-based biomarkers for early detection of AD."--Pages xi-xii.
Author: Wang, Xixi Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 129
Book Description
"Brain aging is accompanied with multiple symptoms including memory deficits, executive dysfunctions, depression, stress dysregulation, etc. These symptoms may result in serial adverse consequences, including cognitive decline, poor quality of life, reduced participation in intellectually beneficial activities, or mobility restriction. Moreover, abnormal aging that accompanies neuropathological changes can lead to dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Investigating how these brain-aging associated symptoms precede incident dementia, such as AD, is the first step in the early detection and prevention of AD for the aging population. The serial studies herein focused on the restingstate functional magnetic resonance imaging data as a way to understand the aging brain. Multivariate pattern analysis models were developed to characterize the profile of brain function that are related to aging-associated cognitive, behavioral, and psychological symptoms. The relationships between the brain function profile and AD pathological measurements were also examined across different clinical phenotypes. First, a set of brain regions whose amplitudes of low-frequency activation patterns were identified, distinguishing Supernormals (older adults with longitudinally excellent cognitive performance) from normal agers. Second, a shared neural circuit whose functional connectivity patterns was revealed, predicting multiple behavioral disturbances in patients with AD and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), a group at high risk for AD. Third, the inter-network patterns whose correlations between functional connectomes before and after an acute stress task were compared. The correspondence between the two sets of inter-network patterns in stress regulation was disrupted in aMCI group when compared with cognitively normal controls. Taken together, the in-depth characterization of brain aging functional profile, based on the relevant symptoms, across the cognitive aging spectrum (from normal cognitive aging to dementia, or to excellent cognitive aging) help lay the foundation for developing computational model-based biomarkers for early detection of AD."--Pages xi-xii.
Author: William Jagust Publisher: ISBN: Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 392
Book Description
This book contains chapters from experts in the fields of brain imaging, clinical neuroscience, and cognitive neuroscience who have studied the aging brain. Topics covered include technical factors in brain imaging, pathological basis of age-related structural and functional changes, neurochemistry and genetics of brain imaging in aging, and the use of imaging techniques in diagnosis, longitudinal testing, drug development and testing, and presymptomatic detection. The book is intended to be both a detailed review of the current status of brain imaging and aging and to serve as an introduction to the field for those who may be starting investigations using imaging techniques of PET, structural MRI, and functional MRI. It covers basic science approaches such as using fMRI to probe networks, as well as recent developments like amyloid imaging and the use of imaging as a biomarker in clinical trials.
Author: David R. Riddle Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1420005529 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 413
Book Description
Recognition that aging is not the accumulation of disease, but rather comprises fundamental biological processes that are amenable to experimental study, is the basis for the recent growth of experimental biogerontology. As increasingly sophisticated studies provide greater understanding of what occurs in the aging brain and how these changes occur
Author: Junfeng Sun Publisher: Frontiers Media SA ISBN: 2889454169 Category : Languages : en Pages : 170
Book Description
Old adults undertake multiple reduced cognitive abilities in aging, which are accompanied with specific brain reorganization in forms of regional brain activity and brain tissues, inter-region connectivity, and topology of whole brain networks in both function and structure. The plasticity changes of brain activities in old adults are explained by the mechanisms of compensation and dedifferentiation. For example, older adults have been observed to have greater, usually bilateral, prefrontal activities during memory tasks compared to the typical unilateral prefrontal activities in younger adults, which was explained as a compensation for the reduced brain activities in visual processing cortices. Dedifferentiation is another mechanism to explain that old adults are with much less selective and less distinct activity in task-relevant brain regions compared with younger adults. A larger number of studies have examined the plasticity changes of brain from the perspective of regional brain activities. However, studies on only regional brain activities cannot fully elucidate the neural mechanisms of reduced cognitive abilities in aging, as multiple regions are integrated together to achieve advanced cognitive function in human brain. In recent years, brain connectivity/network, which targets how brain regions are integrated, have drawn increasing attention in neuroscience with the development of neuroimaging techniques and graph theoretical analysis. Connectivity quantifies functional association or neural fibers between two regions that may be spatially far separated, and graph theoretical analysis of brain network examines the complex interactions among multiple regions from the perspective of topology. Studies showed that compared to younger adults, older adults had altered strength of task-relevant functional connectivity between specific brain regions in cognitive tasks, and the alternation of connectivity are correlated to behavior performance. For example, older adults had weaker functional connectivity between the premotor cortex and a region in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in a working memory task. Interventions like cognitive training and neuro-modulation (e.g., transcranial magnetic stimulation) have been shown to be promising in regaining or retaining the decreasing cognitive abilities in aging. However, only few neuroimaging studies have examined the influence of interventions to old adult’s brain activity, connectivity, and cognitive performance. This Research Topic calls for contributions on brain network of subjects in normal aging or with age-related diseases like mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. The studies are expected to be based on neuroimaging techniques including but not limited to functional magnetic resonance imaging, Electroencephalography, and diffusion tensor imaging, and contributions on the influence of interventions to brain networks in aging are highly encouraged. All these studies would enrich our understanding of neural mechanisms underlying aging, and offer new insights for developing possible interventions to retain cognitive abilities in aging subjects.
Author: Juerg Hodler Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 303038490X Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 252
Book Description
This open access book offers an essential overview of brain, head and neck, and spine imaging. Over the last few years, there have been considerable advances in this area, driven by both clinical and technological developments. Written by leading international experts and teachers, the chapters are disease-oriented and cover all relevant imaging modalities, with a focus on magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. The book also includes a synopsis of pediatric imaging. IDKD books are rewritten (not merely updated) every four years, which means they offer a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in imaging. The book is clearly structured and features learning objectives, abstracts, subheadings, tables and take-home points, supported by design elements to help readers navigate the text. It will particularly appeal to general radiologists, radiology residents, and interventional radiologists who want to update their diagnostic expertise, as well as clinicians from other specialties who are interested in imaging for their patient care.
Author: Yong He Publisher: Frontiers Media SA ISBN: 2889194353 Category : Brain Languages : en Pages : 366
Book Description
An important aspect of neuroscience is to characterize the underlying connectivity patterns of the human brain (i.e., human connectomics). Over the past few years, researchers have demonstrated that by combining a variety of different neuroimaging technologies (e.g., structural MRI, diffusion MRI and functional MRI) with sophisticated analytic strategies such as graph theory, it is possible to noninvasively map the patterns of structural and functional connectivity of human whole-brain networks. With these novel approaches, many studies have shown that human brain networks have nonrandom properties such as modularity, small-worldness and highly connected hubs. Importantly, these quantifiable network properties change with age, learning and disease. Moreover, there is growing evidence for behavioral and genetic correlates. Network analysis of neuroimaging data is opening up a new avenue of research into the understanding of the organizational principles of the brain that will be of interest for all basic scientists and clinical researchers. Such approaches are powerful but there are a number of challenging issues when extracting reliable brain networks from various imaging modalities and analyzing the topological properties, e.g., definitions of network nodes and edges and reproducibility of network analysis. We assembled contributions related to the state-of-the-art methodologies of brain connectivity and the applications involving development, aging and neuropsychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and mood and anxiety disorders. It is anticipated that the articles in this Research Topic will provide a greater range and depth of provision for the field of imaging connectomics.
Author: Yuhui Du Publisher: Frontiers Media SA ISBN: 2889634043 Category : Languages : en Pages : 288
Book Description
There has been increasing interests in exploring biomarkers from brain images, aiming to have a better understanding and a more effective diagnosis of brain disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder, autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Alzheimer’s disease and so on. Therefore, it is important to identify disease-specific changes for distinguishing healthy controls and patients with brain disorders as well as for differentiating patients with different disorders showing similar clinical symptoms. Biomarkers can be identified from different types of brain Imaging techniques including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), structural MRI, positron emission tomography (PET), electroencephalography (EEG), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) by using statistical analysis methods. Furthermore, based on measures from brain imaging techniques, machine learning techniques can help to classify or predict disease for individual subjects. In fact, fusion of features from multiple modalities may benefit the understanding of disease mechanism and improve the classification performance. This Research Topic further explores the functional or structural alterations in brain disorders.
Author: Katja Franke Publisher: Sudwestdeutscher Verlag Fur Hochschulschriften AG ISBN: 9783838133461 Category : Languages : en Pages : 168
Book Description
Based on the widespread but well-ordered brain tissue loss that occurs with healthy aging into senescence, this work presents a novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based biomarker, which identifies normal and abnormal aging-related brain atrophy. The novel BrainAGE approach is based on a database of structural MRI data, aggregating the complex, multidimensional aging patterns across the whole brain to one single value, i.e. the estimated brain age. Consequently, subtle deviations in "normal" brain atrophy can be directly quantified in terms of years by analyzing one standard MRI scan per subject. Various neuro-degenerative diseases - especially Alzheimer's disease (AD) - are widely linked to advanced brain aging. The BrainAGE approach is applied to identify advanced brain aging in subjects with mild cognitive impairment and AD, to predict conversion to AD, to relate individual BrainAGE scores with disease severity and prospective worsening of cognitive functions. Furthermore, BrainAGE identifies various risk factors of pathological brain aging that may precede the onset of clinical symptoms (e.g., diabetes mellitus type 2, metabolic syndrome).
Author: Frederik Barkhof Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3642008186 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 295
Book Description
This up-to-date, superbly illustrated book is a practical guide to the effective use of neuroimaging in the patient with cognitive decline. It sets out the key clinical and imaging features of the various causes of dementia and directs the reader from clinical presentation to neuroimaging and on to an accurate diagnosis whenever possible. After an introductory chapter on the clinical background, the available "toolbox" of structural and functional neuroimaging techniques is reviewed in detail, including CT, MRI and advanced MR techniques, SPECT and PET, and image analysis methods. The imaging findings in normal ageing are then discussed, followed by a series of chapters that carefully present and analyze the key findings in patients with dementias. Throughout, a practical approach is adopted, geared specifically to the needs of clinicians (neurologists, radiologists, psychiatrists, geriatricians) working in the field of dementia, for whom this book will prove an invaluable resource.
Author: Wang, Xixi
Author: Wang, Xixi
Author: Hans J. Grabe
Author: William Jagust
Author: David R. Riddle
Author: Junfeng Sun
Author: Juerg Hodler
Author: Yong He
Author: Yuhui Du
Author: Katja Franke
Author: Frederik Barkhof