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Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Compton cameras are a particularly interesting gamma-ray imaging technology because they have a large field of view and rely on electronic rather than mechanical collimation (lead). These systems produce two dimensional, spectroscopic images using data collected from spatially separated detector arrays. A single acquisition contains data to produce image signatures for each radionuclide in the field of view. Application of Compton cameras in field of astrophysics has proven the systems capability for imaging in the 1 to 30MeV range. Other potential applications, in the 100keV to 1MeV range, include nuclear material safeguards and nuclear medicine imaging. A particularly attractive feature for these applications is that the technology to produce a portable camera is now available due to improvements in solid state room-temperature detectors. The objective of this work is to investigate Compton camera technology for spectroscopic imaging of gamma rays in the 100keV to 1MeV range. To this end, accurate and efficient camera simulation capability will allow a variety of design issues to be explored before a full camera system is built. An efficient, specific purpose Monte Carlo code was developed to investigate the image formation process in Compton cameras. The code is based on a pathway sampling technique with extensive use of variance reduction techniques. In particular, the technique of forcing is used make each history result in a partial success. The code includes detailed Compton scattering physics, including incoherent scattering functions, Doppler broadening, and multiple scattering. Detector response functions are also included in the simulations. A prototype camera was built to provide code benchmarks and investigate implementation issues. The prototype is based on a two-detector system, which sacrifices detection efficiency for simplicity and versatility. One of the detectors is mounted on a computer controlled stage capable of two dimensional motion (14x14cm.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Compton cameras are a particularly interesting gamma-ray imaging technology because they have a large field of view and rely on electronic rather than mechanical collimation (lead). These systems produce two dimensional, spectroscopic images using data collected from spatially separated detector arrays. A single acquisition contains data to produce image signatures for each radionuclide in the field of view. Application of Compton cameras in field of astrophysics has proven the systems capability for imaging in the 1 to 30MeV range. Other potential applications, in the 100keV to 1MeV range, include nuclear material safeguards and nuclear medicine imaging. A particularly attractive feature for these applications is that the technology to produce a portable camera is now available due to improvements in solid state room-temperature detectors. The objective of this work is to investigate Compton camera technology for spectroscopic imaging of gamma rays in the 100keV to 1MeV range. To this end, accurate and efficient camera simulation capability will allow a variety of design issues to be explored before a full camera system is built. An efficient, specific purpose Monte Carlo code was developed to investigate the image formation process in Compton cameras. The code is based on a pathway sampling technique with extensive use of variance reduction techniques. In particular, the technique of forcing is used make each history result in a partial success. The code includes detailed Compton scattering physics, including incoherent scattering functions, Doppler broadening, and multiple scattering. Detector response functions are also included in the simulations. A prototype camera was built to provide code benchmarks and investigate implementation issues. The prototype is based on a two-detector system, which sacrifices detection efficiency for simplicity and versatility. One of the detectors is mounted on a computer controlled stage capable of two dimensional motion (14x14cm.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 27
Book Description
A review of spectroscopic imaging issues, applications, and technology is presented. Compton cameras based on solid state semiconductor detectors stands out as the best system for the nondestructive assay of special nuclear materials. A camera for this application has been designed based on an efficient specific purpose Monte Carlo code developed for this project. Preliminary experiments have been performed which demonstrate the validity of the Compton camera concept and the accuracy of the code. Based on these results, a portable prototype system is in development. Proposed future work is addressed.
Author: Gaik Ambartsoumian Publisher: World Scientific ISBN: 9811242453 Category : Mathematics Languages : en Pages : 248
Book Description
A generalized Radon transform (GRT) maps a function to its weighted integrals along a family of curves or surfaces. Such operators appear in mathematical models of various imaging modalities. The GRTs integrating along smooth curves and surfaces (lines, planes, circles, spheres, amongst others) have been studied at great lengths for decades, but relatively little attention has been paid to transforms integrating along non-smooth trajectories. Recently, an interesting new class of GRTs emerged at the forefront of research in integral geometry. The two common features of these transforms are the presence of a 'vertex' in their paths of integration (broken rays, cones, and stars) and their relation to imaging techniques based on physics of scattered particles (Compton camera imaging, single scattering tomography, etc).This book covers the relevant imaging modalities, their mathematical models, and the related GRTs. The discussion of the latter comprises a thorough exploration of their known mathematical properties, including injectivity, inversion, range description and microlocal analysis. The mathematical background required for reading most of the book is at the level of an advanced undergraduate student, which should make its content attractive for a large audience of specialists interested in imaging. Mathematicians may appreciate certain parts of the theory that are particularly elegant with connections to functional analysis, PDEs and algebraic geometry.
Author: Willem Wamsteker Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9401107947 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 721
Book Description
ROSAT Observations G. HASINGER Max-Planck-Institut flir extraterrestrische Physik, D-85740 Garching, Germany Abstract. This review describes the most recent advances in the study of the extragalactic soft X-ray background and what we can learn about its constituents. The deepest pointed observations with the ROSAT PSPC are discussed. The logN-logS relation is presented, which reaches to the faintest X-ray fluxes and to the highest AGN surface densities ever achieved. The N(>S) relation shows a 2 density in excess of 400 deg- at the faintest fluxes and a flattening below the Einstein Deep Survey limit. About 60% of the extragalactic background has been resolved in the deepest field. Detailed source spectra and first optical and radio identifications will be discussed. The results are put into perspective of the higher energy X -ray background. Key words: X-rays, background radiations, active galactic nuclei. 1. Introduction The extragalactic X-ray background (XRB), discovered about 30 years ago, has been studied extensively with many X-ray experiments, in particular with the satel lites HEAO I and II (see ego Boldt 1987) and with ROSAT (e. g. Hasinger et aI. , 1993). Figure 1 shows a compilation of some of the most recent spectral measure ments for the X-ray background. Over the energy range from 3 to about 100 keY its spectrum can be well approximated by an optically thin thermal bremsstrahlung model with kT ~ 40 keY, while at lower X-ray energies a steepening into a new component has been observed observed (e. g.
Author: Helmuth Spieler Publisher: OUP Oxford ISBN: 0191523658 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 513
Book Description
Semiconductor sensors patterned at the micron scale combined with custom-designed integrated circuits have revolutionized semiconductor radiation detector systems. Designs covering many square meters with millions of signal channels are now commonplace in high-energy physics and the technology is finding its way into many other fields, ranging from astrophysics to experiments at synchrotron light sources and medical imaging. This book is the first to present a comprehensive discussion of the many facets of highly integrated semiconductor detector systems, covering sensors, signal processing, transistors and circuits, low-noise electronics, and radiation effects. The diversity of design approaches is illustrated in a chapter describing systems in high-energy physics, astronomy, and astrophysics. Finally a chapter "Why things don't work" discusses common pitfalls. Profusely illustrated, this book provides a unique reference in a key area of modern science.
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Author: Jonathan Raby Dewitt Earnhart
Author: Gaik Ambartsoumian
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Author: Willem Wamsteker
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Author: Helmuth Spieler