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Author: Wendy Pell Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
The zinc/bromine battery is a flowing electrolyte battery operating at ambient temperatures, and having both stationary and mobile applications. It is characterized by a flat voltage discharge profile, can be deeply discharged without adverse effects, and is made from low cost materials which can be recycled at the end of the battery's life. The electrochemically active materials are stored externally to the electrode assembly in two reservoirs, and are pumped to the electrodes during operation. The electrolyte typically includes aqueous zinc bromide and quaternary ammonium salts, such as methyl ethyl pyrrolidinium bromide (MEPBr) and methyl ethyl morpholinium bromide (MEMBr) which complex bromine and reduce self-discharge losses. Modification of the low temperature behaviour of the usual electrolyte, which freezes between $-$5 and 5$\sp\circ$C, is required if the battery is to perform successfully at low temperatures. This project identified electrochemical and physical chemical techniques to study zinc deposition and bromine production at glassy carbon electrodes as a method to gain quantitative and qualitative information from the electrolyte system. Electrochemical response, chemical species distribution, conductivity and phase change data were obtained for battery electrolytes at low temperatures and used to identify candidate electrolytes for low temperature applications. The effect of the quaternary ammonium bromide salt on zinc species distribution and zinc deposition has not previously been studied. Spectroscopic and electrochemical studies indicated that the distribution of zinc/bromine complexes in solutions, and zinc deposition at glassy carbon were unaffected by the addition of quaternary ammonium bromides. The distribution of zinc/bromine complexes was significantly affected by temperature and state-of-charge or concentration of the electrolyte. Several organic compounds, including propan-2-ol, ethylene dichloride, propylene glycol and ethylene glycol, were evaluated as additives to the aqueous electrolyte for low temperature applications using techniques of cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, conductivity, and freezing point determination. Ethylene glycol was also selected on the basis of electrochemical and physical chemical data, to be tested in the single cell battery. Due to reduced conductivity of the electrolyte (higher solution resistance in the battery), the voltaic and energy efficiencies were expected to be lower than those of a standard electrolyte battery. Electrochemical experiments showed that neither bromide oxidation nor zinc cation reduction reactions were significantly affected by the presence of ethylene glycol. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).
Author: Wendy Pell Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
The zinc/bromine battery is a flowing electrolyte battery operating at ambient temperatures, and having both stationary and mobile applications. It is characterized by a flat voltage discharge profile, can be deeply discharged without adverse effects, and is made from low cost materials which can be recycled at the end of the battery's life. The electrochemically active materials are stored externally to the electrode assembly in two reservoirs, and are pumped to the electrodes during operation. The electrolyte typically includes aqueous zinc bromide and quaternary ammonium salts, such as methyl ethyl pyrrolidinium bromide (MEPBr) and methyl ethyl morpholinium bromide (MEMBr) which complex bromine and reduce self-discharge losses. Modification of the low temperature behaviour of the usual electrolyte, which freezes between $-$5 and 5$\sp\circ$C, is required if the battery is to perform successfully at low temperatures. This project identified electrochemical and physical chemical techniques to study zinc deposition and bromine production at glassy carbon electrodes as a method to gain quantitative and qualitative information from the electrolyte system. Electrochemical response, chemical species distribution, conductivity and phase change data were obtained for battery electrolytes at low temperatures and used to identify candidate electrolytes for low temperature applications. The effect of the quaternary ammonium bromide salt on zinc species distribution and zinc deposition has not previously been studied. Spectroscopic and electrochemical studies indicated that the distribution of zinc/bromine complexes in solutions, and zinc deposition at glassy carbon were unaffected by the addition of quaternary ammonium bromides. The distribution of zinc/bromine complexes was significantly affected by temperature and state-of-charge or concentration of the electrolyte. Several organic compounds, including propan-2-ol, ethylene dichloride, propylene glycol and ethylene glycol, were evaluated as additives to the aqueous electrolyte for low temperature applications using techniques of cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, conductivity, and freezing point determination. Ethylene glycol was also selected on the basis of electrochemical and physical chemical data, to be tested in the single cell battery. Due to reduced conductivity of the electrolyte (higher solution resistance in the battery), the voltaic and energy efficiencies were expected to be lower than those of a standard electrolyte battery. Electrochemical experiments showed that neither bromide oxidation nor zinc cation reduction reactions were significantly affected by the presence of ethylene glycol. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).
Author: Gobinath Pillai Rajarathnam Publisher: Springer ISBN: 9812876464 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 113
Book Description
This book presents a detailed technical overview of short- and long-term materials and design challenges to zinc/bromine flow battery advancement, the need for energy storage in the electrical grid and how these may be met with the Zn/Br system. Practical interdisciplinary pathways forward are identified via cross-comparison and comprehensive review of significant findings from more than 300 published works, with clear in-depth explanations spanning initial RFB development to state-of-the-art research in related systems. Promising strategies described include the use of modern electrochemical techniques to study and optimize physical processes occurring within the system during operation, improving zinc electroplating quality during the charge phase through the strategic use of organic additives, as well as identifying suitable catalysts to optimize the bromine/bromide redox couple. The primary focus is on research and development of novel materials in the areas of electrolyte formulation and multifunctional “smart” electrode surfaces to achieve a higher degree of control over processes at the electrode–electrolyte interface. The strategies suggested in this book are also highly adaptable for use in other similar flow battery systems, while the unique cross-comparative approach makes it a useful reference and source of new ideas for both new and established researchers in the field of energy storage and battery technology.
Author: Jean-Marie Tarascon Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1118998146 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 96
Book Description
The electrochemical storage of energy has become essential in assisting the development of electrical transport and use of renewable energies. French researchers have played a key role in this domain but Asia is currently the market leader. Not wanting to see history repeat itself, France created the research network on electrochemical energy storage (RS2E) in 2011. This book discusses the launch of RS2E, its stakeholders, objectives, and integrated structure that assures a continuum between basic research, technological research and industries. Here, the authors will cover the technological advances as well as the challenges that must still be resolved in the field of electrochemical storage, taking into account sustainable development and the limited time available to us.
Author: Huamin Zhang Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1351648721 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 409
Book Description
Flow batteries have received attention in large-scale energy storage due to their flexible design, high safety, high energy efficiency, and environmental friendliness. In recent years, they have been rapidly developed and tested in a variety of scales that prove their feasibility and advantages of use. As energy becomes a global focus, it is important to consider flow battery systems. This book offers a detailed introduction to the function of different kinds of redox flow batteries, including vanadium flow batteries, as well as the electrochemical processes for their development, materials and components, applications, and near future prospects. Redox Flow Batteries: Fundamentals and Applications will give readers a full understanding of flow batteries from fundamentals to commercial applications.
Author: Zongping Shao Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 3527350462 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 309
Book Description
Zinc–Air Batteries Authoritative and comprehensive resource covering foundational knowledge of zinc–air batteries as well as their practical applications Zinc–Air Batteries provides a comprehensive understanding of the history and development of Zn–air batteries, with a systematic overview of components, design, and device innovation, along with recent advances in the field, especially with regards to the cathode catalyst design made by cutting-edge materials, engineering processes, and technologies. In particular, design principles regarding the key components of Zn–air batteries, ranging from air cathode, to zinc anode, and to electrolyte, are emphasized. Furthermore, industrial developments of Zn–air batteries are discussed and emerging new designs of Zn–air batteries are also introduced. The authors argue that designing advanced Zn–air battery technologies is important to the realization of efficient energy storage and conversion—and, going further, eventually holds the key to a sustainable energy future and a carbon-neutral goal. Edited and contributed to by leading professionals and researchers in the field, Zinc–Air Batteries also contains information regarding: Design of oxygen reduction catalysts in primary zinc–air batteries, including precious metals, single-atoms, carbons, and transition metal oxides Design of bifunctional oxygen catalysts in rechargeable zinc–air batteries, covering specific oxygen redox reactions and catalyst candidates Design of three-dimensional air cathode in zinc–air batteries, covering loading of carbon-based and transition metal catalysts, plus design of the three-phase interface Design of electrolyte for zinc–air batteries, including liquid electrolytes (e.g., alkaline) and gel polymer electrolytes (e.g., PVA hydrogel) For students, researchers, and instructors working in battery technologies, materials science, and electrochemistry, and for industry and government representatives for decision making associated with energy and transportation, Zinc–Air Batteries summarizes the research results on Zn–air batteries and thereby helps researchers and developers to implement the technology in practice.
Author: Rajender Boddula Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1119661897 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 272
Book Description
Battery technology is constantly changing, and the concepts and applications of these changes are rapidly becoming increasingly more important as more and more industries and individuals continue to make “greener” choices in their energy sources. As global dependence on fossil fuels slowly wanes, there is a heavier and heavier importance placed on cleaner power sources and methods for storing and transporting that power. Battery technology is a huge part of this global energy revolution. Zinc batteries are an advantageous choice over lithium-based batteries, which have dominated the market for years in multiple areas, most specifically in electric vehicles and other battery-powered devices. Zinc is the fourth most abundant metal in the world, which is influential in its lower cost, making it a very attractive material for use in batteries. Zinc-based batteries have been around since the 1930s, but only now are they taking center stage in the energy, automotive, and other industries. Zinc Batteries: Basics, Developments, and Applicationsis intended as a discussion of the different zinc batteries for energy storage applications. It also provides an in-depth description of various energy storage materials for Zinc (Zn) batteries. This book is an invaluable reference guide for electrochemists, chemical engineers, students, faculty, and R&D professionals in energy storage science, material science, and renewable energy.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The Exxon zinc-bromine battery design is based on the use of a circulating electrolyte, bromine complexing agents, conductive carbon plastic electrodes, and a bipolar electrode stack using shunt current protection. Manufacturing cost for this design, assuming large scale production is estimated at $28/kWh ($1980). Electrode and electrolyte performance is equivalent to 65 Wh/kg and over 150 w/kg in final designs. Recent program highlights include system scale-up to the 20 kWh level, extension of demonstrated life to over 400 cycles, the ability to follow various cycling regimes, and preparations for a full-scale deliverable during 1983. Program status is outlined. (WHK).
Author: C Menictas Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 1782420223 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 635
Book Description
As energy produced from renewable sources is increasingly integrated into the electricity grid, interest in energy storage technologies for grid stabilisation is growing. This book reviews advances in battery technologies and applications for medium and large-scale energy storage. Chapters address advances in nickel, sodium and lithium-based batteries. Other chapters review other emerging battery technologies such as metal-air batteries and flow batteries. The final section of the book discuses design considerations and applications of batteries in remote locations and for grid-scale storage. Reviews advances in battery technologies and applications for medium and large-scale energy storage Examines battery types, including zing-based, lithium-air and vanadium redox flow batteries Analyses design issues and applications of these technologies
Author: Perla B. Balbuena Publisher: World Scientific ISBN: 1860943624 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 424
Book Description
This invaluable book focuses on the mechanisms of formation of a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the electrode surfaces of lithium-ion batteries. The SEI film is due to electromechanical reduction of species present in the electrolyte. It is widely recognized that the presence of the film plays an essential role in the battery performance, and its very nature can determine an extended (or shorter) life for the battery. In spite of the numerous related research efforts, details on the stability of the SEI composition and its influence on the battery capacity are still controversial. This book carefully analyzes and discusses the most recent findings and advances on this topic.
Author: Wendy Pell
Author: Wendy Pell
Author: Gobinath Pillai Rajarathnam
Author: Jean-Marie Tarascon
Author: Huamin Zhang
Author: W. Wieczorek
Author: Zongping Shao
Author: Rajender Boddula
Author: 
Author: C Menictas
Author: Perla B. Balbuena