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Author: Rick Bond Publisher: ISBN: 9781583215708 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 233
Book Description
This research investigates technologies that reduce treatment costs and energy consumption for zero liquid discharge (ZLD) desalination, utilizing five test water sites in Arizona, Nevada, California, and Texas.
Author: Rick Bond Publisher: ISBN: 9781583215708 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 233
Book Description
This research investigates technologies that reduce treatment costs and energy consumption for zero liquid discharge (ZLD) desalination, utilizing five test water sites in Arizona, Nevada, California, and Texas.
Author: Khaled Elsaid Publisher: ISBN: Category : Brackish waters Languages : en Pages : 173
Book Description
Groundwater is considered the major source of domestic water supply in many countries worldwide. In the absence of surface water supplies, the use of groundwater for domestic, agricultural, and even for industrial purposes becomes essential, especially in rural communities. Groundwater supplies typically are of good quality, and the quality is reasonably uniform throughout the year compared to that of surface water, thus making it suitable for direct use, or simple to treat. A disadvantage of groundwater is the content of dissolved salt as many have a moderate-to-high salinity. The high salinity makes water brackish and thus it requires desalination before use. This has led to wide use of groundwater desalination to produce good-quality water in many regions around the world. Nevertheless, a problem of desalination processes is the generation of a concentrate stream, sometimes called brine or reject, which must be properly managed. The management of brine from brackish groundwater desalination is a significant issue if located far from the coast (i.e. inland plants) or far from public channel to discharge such brine. Some options for brine disposal from inland desalination plants are evaporation ponds, deep-well injection, disposal to municipal sewers, and irrigation of plants tolerant to high salinities. Each of these disposal methods may result in many environmental problems such as groundwater contamination, the decline in crop yields from agricultural lands, the formation of eyesores, decreasing the efficiency of biological wastewater treatment, and making treated sewage effluent unsuitable for irrigation. As a result, the brine management from inland desalination of brackish groundwater is very critical, and the need for affordable and environmentally benign inland desalination has become crucial in many regions worldwide. This work aims to develop an efficient and environmentally benign process for inland desalination of brackish groundwater, which approaches zero liquid discharge (ZLD), maximizing the water produced and minimizing the volume of concentrate effluent. The technical approach involves utilization of two-stage reverse osmosis (RO) units with the intermediate chemical treatment of brine stream that is designed to remove most of the scale-forming constituents, which foul membrane surface in RO and limits its water recovery and hence enable further recovery of water in the secondary RO unit. The treatment process proposed in this work is based on advanced lime softening processes, which have the ability to effectively remove scale-forming constituents, in addition to heavy metals and natural organic matters that might be present in the brine. The process has been applied to the brine produced from 1st stage RO i.e. primary brine stream, to minimize the volume of the stream to be treated chemically, which in turn reduces the capacity of the treatment equipment. Analysis of groundwater quality and scale-forming constituents that are present in the brine stream upon desalination of groundwater has been performed. The analysis has revealed that in most cases of brackish groundwater desalination the recovery is limited by scaling due to calcium sulfate i.e. gypsum, and amorphous silica. Thus, the main objective set for the chemical treatment of the brine stream focused on removal of calcium, sulfate, and silica. Advanced lime softening based on high lime doses along with sodium aluminate, as in ultra-high lime with alumina UHLA process, has been proposed for chemical treatment of brine. Bench-scale experiments conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed chemical treatment for removal of scale-forming constituents, particularly calcium, sulfate, and silica by studying the different factors affecting the removals efficiency from synthetic solutions containing sulfate-only, silica-only, and model brine solution. The results obtained have revealed that the proposed process was very effective and results generally in high and quick removals of calcium, sulfate, and silica of more than 80% within 2 hrs under different experimental conditions. In addition, beneficial uses of different solid byproducts formed are investigated, by analyzing the solids resulted to qualitatively and quantitatively to identify the different solids present. This offers the potential to lower both costs and solid disposal problems of solids formed being considered as added value product rather than solid waste that has to be properly managed. Results have shown that the solid precipitate contains a wide range of solids that generally composed of calcium, magnesium, aluminum along with carbonate, sulfate, and silicate, which have several potential applications as soil sub-grade, and in cement industry. Equilibrium model to simulate the chemical treatment process that is able to predict the required chemical reagents doses, effluent water quality for a given influent water quality and treatment levels has been developed utilizing OLI stream analyzer, the developed model was found to well predict the performance of the chemical treatment at equilibrium conditions. Rigorous membrane separation model has developed in Aspen Custom Modeler to more accurately model RO desalination, which is to be combined with the developed equilibrium model to formulate a complete 1st Stage RO-Chemical Treatment-2nd Stage RO process model. The developed complete and validated model has been then used to fully and accurately simulate the performance of the proposed Zero Liquid Discharge desalination process. The present work results in three novel achievements: first, introducing a very effective intermediate chemical treatment, which efficiently remove sulfate, particularly from brine. Most of the previously proposed intermediate treatment processes remove sulfate as calcium sulfate i.e. gypsum, however in the introduced process, sulfate is removed in calcium-aluminum-sulfate complexes, which has very low solubility, making the brine highly undersaturated with respect to gypsum, and hence lowering the fouling propensity in the secondary RO, leading to maximizing the overall recovery. In addition, the chemical treatment has been successfully modeled for better simulate of its performance for different brine qualities, which are usually encountered in brackish ground desalination due to the high location-specific nature of groundwater quality. Second, the developed membrane model has treated the species present in water as ions, accounting for monovalent and divalent ions separately, and obtaining a different permeability coefficient for their transport through the membrane. This is different from most developed RO models, which simplify the transport through the membranes to only water and salt permeability coefficients. This treatment results in better and more refined modeling and simulation of the RO membrane separation, as the RO membrane interact differently to ions present in water. Third, the complete process model, results from combining the developed equilibrium model of the chemical treatment, and membrane separation model, has revealed very promising results of achieving high recovery desalination of about 93.5% suitable for drinking water purposes, which is higher by about 90% than most of the reported literature, whose result in reducing the brine volume from 25% in conventional desalination to only 6.5% in the proposed process, i.e. brine volume reduction of 74% relative to conventional inland desalination, and 35% relative to other high recovery processes, at reasonable chemical treatment levels.
Author: Eric M.V. Hoek Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3031795083 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 194
Book Description
Over the past half century, reverse osmosis (RO) has grown from a nascent niche technology into the most versatile and effective desalination and advanced water treatment technology available. However, there remain certain challenges for improving the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of RO desalination plants in various applications. In low-pressure RO applications, both capital (CAPEX) and operating (OPEX) costs are largely influenced by product water recovery, which is typically limited by mineral scale formation. In seawater applications, recovery tends to be limited by the salinity limits on brine discharge and cost is dominated by energy demand. The combination of water scarcity and sustainability imperatives, in many locations, is driving system designs towards minimal and zero liquid discharge (M/ZLD) for inland brackish water, municipal and industrial wastewaters, and even seawater desalination. Herein, we review the basic principles of RO processes, the state-of-the-art for RO membranes, modules and system designs as well as methods for concentrating and treating brines to achieve MLD/ZLD, resource recovery and renewable energy powered desalination systems. Throughout, we provide examples of installations employing conventional and some novel approaches towards high recovery RO in a range of applications from brackish groundwater desalination to oil and gas produced water treatment and seawater desalination.
Author: Dema A Almasri Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Sulfate is one of the most problematic ions present in reject brine in desalination systems due to its high potential of scale formation and membrane fouling; making it an obstacle in the application of zero liquid discharge. The ultra-high lime with aluminum process (UHLA) has shown to effectively remove sulfate. This research involves the study of sulfate removal from the nano-filtration unit in the zero liquid discharge system for inland desalination via a two-stage process using a calcium source to remove sulfate in the first stage and implementing the UHLA process in the second stage. The kinetics, equilibrium characteristics, and effects of different parameters on sulfate removal were studied. Kinetics of sulfate removal was studied on both stages of the process. The observation of fast kinetics in both stages indicated that removal kinetics is not a limitation for the application of the process. Equilibrium characteristics of the UHLA process were performed which revealed efficient sulfate removal at practical ranges of lime and aluminum doses. The effect of pH on sulfate removal in the process was studied. Results showed that sulfate removal in Stage 1 was independent of the pH of the solution while effective sulfate removal in Stage 2 was found to be above a pH of 11. The effect of initial sulfate concentrations on sulfate removal in Stage 1 was investigated and sulfate removal was mainly controlled by calcium sulfate solubility. The effect of initial chloride concentrations on sulfate removal in Stage 2 was evaluated and the results indicated that chloride has negligible effect on the removal of sulfate. Experiments concerning the effect of the recycle of calcium sulfate solids in Stage 1 showed an increase of the reaction rate. In contrast, the recycle of Stage 2 dry solids into Stage 2 revealed no effect on sulfate removal. An equilibrium model was developed to explain the equilibrium characteristics of Stage 2. It was found that a valid explanation for the chemistry of sulfate removal in Stage 2 was the formation of a solid solution consisting of ettringite and monosulfate. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of these solids. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/151158
Author: Berrin Tansel Publisher: ISBN: 9780784483312 Category : Saline water conversion Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Prepared by the Task Committee on the Development of Prestandards for Concentrate Management Case Studies of the Desalination and Water Reuse Technical Committee of the Water, Wastewater, and Stormwater Council of the Environmental and Water Resources Institute of ASCE.Concentrate Management in Desalination: Case Studies, Second Edition, reviews the state-of-the-practice for managing concentrate streams resulting from desalination processes.Concentrate management and disposal in desalination pose environmental and cost concerns--and often determine whether a desalination project is viable, especially for inland communities. This book examines many facets of concentrate management in desalination, including process design and configuration; regulatory setting; environmental, climate change, and sustainability issues; and economic evaluation of projects. Thirteen case studies are offered to demonstrate different techniques for disposing of concentrates associated with the following types of projects: ocean and bays discharge, sanitary sewer or surface water disposal, deep-well injection, zero liquid discharge (ZLD) or near ZLD, and land disposal and/or evaporation ponds.Environmental engineers, water practitioners and managers responsible for the design, operation, research, and evaluation of regional desalination and water reuse facilities will find a wealth of practical information in this updated and expanded edition.
Author: Alison Lewis Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 1316299082 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 354
Book Description
Bridging the gap between theory and practice, this text provides the reader with a comprehensive overview of industrial crystallization. Newcomers will learn all of the most important topics in industrial crystallization, from key concepts and basic theory to industrial practices. Topics covered include the characterization of a crystalline product and the basic process design for crystallization, as well as batch crystallization, measurement techniques, and details on precipitation, melt crystallization and polymorphism. Each chapter begins with an introduction explaining the importance of the topic, and is supported by homework problems and worked examples. Real world case studies are also provided, as well as new industry-relevant information, making this is an ideal resource for industry practitioners, students, and researchers in the fields of industrial crystallization, separation processes, particle synthesis, and particle technology.
Author: Vidya Shetty Kodialbail Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 032397256X Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 402
Book Description
Concept of Zero Liquid Discharge: Innovations and Advances for Sustainable Wastewater Management provides fundamental and in-depth knowledge on the need for ZLD and conventional and modern technologies, along with the various strategies available to achieve ZLD. The book covers various wastewater treatment technologies that lead to ZLD, integrated wastewater treatment approaches, challenges faced by industries in meeting ZLD goals, and solutions leading to cleaner technologies. In addition, it presents the state-of-the-art technologies and multidisciplinary research underway in the field to address existing challenges and provide future directions. This will be an important reference for postgraduate students in environmental science and engineering as well as high-level researchers, professors, experts and engineers who conduct research and practices in the area of zero liquid discharge (ZLD) approaches, sustainable wastewater management and related fields. - Presents the latest knowledge on the need, goals, benefits and consequences of adoption of ZLD for industries, the environment and the public - Provides information on the modern tools needed to address ZLD challenges, along with modern and novel technologies available for ZLD systems and recent research in the field - Includes global case studies and real-life examples on how this method has been effectively implemented
Author: Robert Maliva Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 364229104X Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 1068
Book Description
A large part of the global population lives in arid lands which have low rainfall and often lack the water required for sustainable population and economic growth. This book presents a comprehensive description of the hydrogeology and hydrologic processes at work in arid lands. It describes the techniques that can be used to assess and manage the water resources of these areas with an emphasis on groundwater resources, including recent advances in hydrologic evaluation and the differences between how aquifer systems behave in arid lands versus more humid areas. Water management techniques are described and summarized to show how a more comprehensive approach to water management is required in these areas, including the need to be aware of cultural sensitivities and conditions unique to many arid regions. The integration of existing resources with the addition of new water sources, such as desalination of brackish water and seawater, along with reusing treated wastewater, will be required to meet future water supply needs. Also, changing climatic conditions will force water management systems to be more robust so that future water supply demands can be met as droughts become more intense and rainfall events become more intense. A range of water management techniques are described and discussed in order to illustrate the methods for integrating these measures within the context of arid lands conditions.
Author: Rick Bond
Author: Rick Bond
Author: Khaled Elsaid
Author: Eric M.V. Hoek
Author: Dema A Almasri
Author: Berrin Tansel
Author: 
Author: Alison Lewis
Author: Vidya Shetty Kodialbail
Author: Malynda Cappelle
Author: Robert Maliva