Xylem Transport Models Optimize Effectiveness of Systemic Insecticide Applications for Controlling Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges Tsugae) PDF Download
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Author: Chelcy R. Ford Publisher: ISBN: Category : Eastern hemlock Languages : en Pages : 16
Book Description
The hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA, Adelges tsugae Annand) is causing widespread decline and mortality of eastern hemlock trees (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.). Stem injection of insecticide is widely used as a control measure, but its effectiveness depends on individual tree hydraulic characteristics. Recent work has shown that eastern hemlock daily water use is exponentially related to tree diameter, with smaller-diameter trees using significantly less water than largerdiameter trees. In this study we modeled daily water use for 20 eastern hemlock trees across a range of diameters. Based on expected daily water use and, thus, potential xylem transport of insecticide, we applied a dosage estimated to achieve a lethal and uniform xylem sap concentration of imidacloprid to half the trees (xylem transport treatment), and treated the remaining half based on the manufacturerrecommended dosage (MFR treatment), which is a linear function of tree diameter. At 4 and 56 weeks after treatment, we assessed all trees for the presence or absence of new shoot growth and live HWA population density. We found that both treatment dosages significantly reduced live HWA populations; however, 4 weeks after treatment, live HWA population density was 32 percent lower (LSMEANS) on xylem transport treatment trees compared with MFR treatment trees (treatment by time interaction, P = 0.006). Both treatment dosages also significantly increased the proportion of new shoot growth; however, over time xylem transport treatment trees had a significantly greater increase in new shoot production compared with MFR treatment trees. We conclude that dosages based on a xylem transport model not only significantly improved tree health more than the trees receiving the current recommended dosage, but also caused greater reductions in the live HWA population. Improving treatment dosages would reduce treatment cost, nontargeted effects, and would allow land managers to treat a greater number of trees.
Author: Chelcy R. Ford Publisher: ISBN: Category : Eastern hemlock Languages : en Pages : 16
Book Description
The hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA, Adelges tsugae Annand) is causing widespread decline and mortality of eastern hemlock trees (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.). Stem injection of insecticide is widely used as a control measure, but its effectiveness depends on individual tree hydraulic characteristics. Recent work has shown that eastern hemlock daily water use is exponentially related to tree diameter, with smaller-diameter trees using significantly less water than largerdiameter trees. In this study we modeled daily water use for 20 eastern hemlock trees across a range of diameters. Based on expected daily water use and, thus, potential xylem transport of insecticide, we applied a dosage estimated to achieve a lethal and uniform xylem sap concentration of imidacloprid to half the trees (xylem transport treatment), and treated the remaining half based on the manufacturerrecommended dosage (MFR treatment), which is a linear function of tree diameter. At 4 and 56 weeks after treatment, we assessed all trees for the presence or absence of new shoot growth and live HWA population density. We found that both treatment dosages significantly reduced live HWA populations; however, 4 weeks after treatment, live HWA population density was 32 percent lower (LSMEANS) on xylem transport treatment trees compared with MFR treatment trees (treatment by time interaction, P = 0.006). Both treatment dosages also significantly increased the proportion of new shoot growth; however, over time xylem transport treatment trees had a significantly greater increase in new shoot production compared with MFR treatment trees. We conclude that dosages based on a xylem transport model not only significantly improved tree health more than the trees receiving the current recommended dosage, but also caused greater reductions in the live HWA population. Improving treatment dosages would reduce treatment cost, nontargeted effects, and would allow land managers to treat a greater number of trees.
Author: Therese M. Poland Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030453677 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 455
Book Description
This open access book describes the serious threat of invasive species to native ecosystems. Invasive species have caused and will continue to cause enormous ecological and economic damage with ever increasing world trade. This multi-disciplinary book, written by over 100 national experts, presents the latest research on a wide range of natural science and social science fields that explore the ecology, impacts, and practical tools for management of invasive species. It covers species of all taxonomic groups from insects and pathogens, to plants, vertebrates, and aquatic organisms that impact a diversity of habitats in forests, rangelands and grasslands of the United States. It is well-illustrated, provides summaries of the most important invasive species and issues impacting all regions of the country, and includes a comprehensive primary reference list for each topic. This scientific synthesis provides the cultural, economic, scientific and social context for addressing environmental challenges posed by invasive species and will be a valuable resource for scholars, policy makers, natural resource managers and practitioners.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Electronic books Languages : en Pages : 402
Book Description
"Southern forests provide innumerable benefits. Forest scientists, managers, owners, and users have in common the desire to improve the condition of these forests and the ecosystems they support. A first step is to understand the contributions science has made and continues to make to the care and management of forests. This book represents a celebration of past accomplishments, summarizes the current state of knowledge, and creates a vision for the future of southern forestry research and management. Chapters are organized into seven sections: "Looking Back," "Productivity," "Forest Health," "Water and Soils," "Socioeconomic," "Biodiversity," and "Climate Change." Each section is preceded by a brief introductory chapter. Authors were encouraged to focus on the most important aspects of their topics; citations are included to guide readers to further information."
Author: Snježana Topolovec-Pintaric Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand ISBN: 1789851157 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 242
Book Description
Plant pathogens, the causal agent of infectious plant diseases, influence our lives more than just as an economic impact through yield lost. The study of plant pathogens has given rise to the development of new sciences, new technologies for plant breeding, and the agrochemical industry for pesticide developments. Yet, all our actions and efforts to suppress or eradicate them constantly pressures these various organisms to evolve and adapt for survival. Therefore today, when facing climate changes, accelerated transport of plants and plant products, and world population growth, we have to ask quo vadis phytopathology. Like Alice in Wonderland “If we wish to go anywhere we must run twice as fast as that” so we need to constantly broaden our knowledge. However, today’s literature abounds with knowledge about plant pathogens. Hence, this book intends to present to the reader all the latest material and knowledge about plant pathogens, changes or refinements in plant disease epidemiology, and new approaches and materials used for plant pathogen control. Hopefully, this book will be of interest to those working within the field and looking for an up-to-date introduction. We hope it also interests students and thereby, will influence the future development of phytopathology and our better coexistence with plant pathogens.
Author: Anthony D'Amato Publisher: Yale University Press ISBN: 0300179383 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 336
Book Description
An appreciation of the beautiful, iconic, and endangered Eastern Hemlock and what it means to nature and society The Eastern Hemlock, massive and majestic, has played a unique role in structuring northeastern forest environments, from Nova Scotia to Wisconsin and through the Appalachian Mountains to North Carolina, Tennessee, and Alabama. A “foundation species” influencing all the species in the ecosystem surrounding it, this iconic North American tree has long inspired poets and artists as well as naturalists and scientists. Five thousand years ago, the hemlock collapsed as a result of abrupt global climate change. Now this iconic tree faces extinction once again because of an invasive insect, the hemlock woolly adelgid. Drawing from a century of studies at Harvard University’s Harvard Forest, one of the most well-regarded long-term ecological research programs in North America, the authors explore what hemlock’s modern decline can tell us about the challenges facing nature and society in an era of habitat changes and fragmentation, as well as global change.
Author: Ganesh Sriram Publisher: ISBN: 9781627036610 Category : Botanical chemistry Languages : en Pages : 318
Book Description
In Plant Metabolism: Methods and Protocols, expert researchers in the field present the latest methods on quantitative analysis of plant metabolism. The methods focus on measurements, analyses and simulations of molecules, fluxes, and ultimately entire metabolic pathways and networks. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials, reagents, or software, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Plant Metabolism: Methods and Protocols seeks to benefit scientists ranging from plant biology, metabolic engineering, and biotechnology.
Author: Chelcy R. Ford
Author: Chelcy R. Ford
Author: Matteo Garbelotto 
Author: Jeffrey S. Ward
Author: Therese M. Poland
Author: 
Author: Snježana Topolovec-Pintaric
Author: Robert F. Denno
Author: Anthony D'Amato
Author: Percy Nicol Annand
Author: Ganesh Sriram