Author: Michael Sullivan
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780615432199
Category : Workers' compensation
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Sullivan on Comp
Author: Michael Sullivan
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780615432199
Category : Workers' compensation
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780615432199
Category : Workers' compensation
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
A Practical Guide to Occupational Health and Safety and Workers' Compensation Compliance in Alberta
Author: Norman Keith
Publisher: Canada Law Book
ISBN: 9780888044600
Category : Industrial hygiene
Languages : en
Pages : 163
Book Description
Publisher: Canada Law Book
ISBN: 9780888044600
Category : Industrial hygiene
Languages : en
Pages : 163
Book Description
Medical Fee Schedule
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Employers' liability
Languages : en
Pages : 262
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Employers' liability
Languages : en
Pages : 262
Book Description
The Lawyer's Guide to the AMA Guides and California Worker's Compensation
Author: Robert G. Rassp
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781522144052
Category : Disability evaluation
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781522144052
Category : Disability evaluation
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Basic Guide to the National Labor Relations Act
Author: United States. National Labor Relations Board. Office of the General Counsel
Publisher: U.S. Government Printing Office
ISBN:
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 68
Book Description
Publisher: U.S. Government Printing Office
ISBN:
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 68
Book Description
How to Save Big on Workers' Compensation
Author: Adam Friedlander
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780615442297
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 152
Book Description
Featuring insightful, actionable and proven cost-saving ideas, How To Save Big On Workers' Compensation shows how employers can maximize productivity and profits through safety and a culture of caring. This essential guide shares strategies that saved a quarter of a billion dollars. This easy-to-read book includes exclusive interviews with leading industry experts. The experts include Larry LaPointe, former director of the Division of Confidential Investigations at the New York State Insurance Fund (NYSIF); Ed Hiller, director of Claims and Medical Operations for NYSIF; Brian Mittman, the managing partner of Markhoff & Mittman, a law firm helping injured workers; Robert Firmbach, a veteran loss-control and safety expert; Eileen Preiato, the Friedlander Claims Solution manager; and Cosmo Preiato, executive vice president of Friedlander Group and leader of Safety Group Underwriting and Operations. "Friedlander's approach in this well-written, helpful book is to focus on what employers can do to minimize workers' compensation claims in the first place. He believes that by creating a "culture of caring," employers can effectively save money on workers' compensation, because "that culture will maximize your productivity, efficiencies, and profits." ...This revelation alone makes the book valuable, along with several eye-opening interviews with workers' compensation experts. Employers will gain insight into such key issues as claims and premium fraud, abuse of the system, loss control and reducing the cost of claims. A thoughtful book that could actually save employers some serious money." Kirkus Review "During my time as CEO of the New York State Insurance Fund, Adam always displayed a keen insight into the intricate workings of the state compensation system. He is a true comp professional who understands the needs of the system's stakeholders; policyholders, associations, injured workers and policy makers. His primer is a must read for those involved in our industry. Ken Ross, CEO/President, Pinnacol Assurance "How to Save Big on Workers' Compensation is interesting, informative and a must read book. Adam uses his vast knowledge, candid insights including interviews with true experts in workers' compensation to discuss issues related to fraud, claims, safety and loss control. The book focuses on safety prevention as a major linchpin of effective cost control resulting in lowering premium costs. The reader should benefit from this unique review of important issues." Donald T. DeCarlo, J.D. CEO AMCOMP, Commissioner of NYS Insurance Fund, 1997-2009 "Adam offers a number of key concepts - such as managment-employee relations and a culture of caring - that are very straight forward and really work to control workers' compensation costs. His interviews with industry experts deliver the information in an easy-to-understand, real-world style. This is a great book for virtually every American business." Dennis Otmaskin, CPCU Regional President, Northeast & Mid-Atlantic Harleysville Group "I found it to be a riveting book, presented in a manner that every employer would clearly enjoy reading and would cut the cost to his bottom line. This should be considered a training manual. This is also a worthwhile book for every Insurance Broker to read and present to every business client. It presents a powerful bit of knowledge." Arthur Natter, former broker and NYSIF retiree "Adam's a serious professional and a clear-headed writer." Steve Acunto, Editor & Publisher of Insurance Advocate "I had an opportunity to read "How to $ave Big on Workers' Compensation." It is exceptional! I especially like the way you started the book with Establishing A Culture of Caring!" Scott Addis, The Addis Group "Adam, I just finished your book. Quite simply, it was fantastic. I will be purchasing and sending a few copies to my peers. Thank you for your contributions." Brian Nebel, P2P Insurance Agency, Partner
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780615442297
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 152
Book Description
Featuring insightful, actionable and proven cost-saving ideas, How To Save Big On Workers' Compensation shows how employers can maximize productivity and profits through safety and a culture of caring. This essential guide shares strategies that saved a quarter of a billion dollars. This easy-to-read book includes exclusive interviews with leading industry experts. The experts include Larry LaPointe, former director of the Division of Confidential Investigations at the New York State Insurance Fund (NYSIF); Ed Hiller, director of Claims and Medical Operations for NYSIF; Brian Mittman, the managing partner of Markhoff & Mittman, a law firm helping injured workers; Robert Firmbach, a veteran loss-control and safety expert; Eileen Preiato, the Friedlander Claims Solution manager; and Cosmo Preiato, executive vice president of Friedlander Group and leader of Safety Group Underwriting and Operations. "Friedlander's approach in this well-written, helpful book is to focus on what employers can do to minimize workers' compensation claims in the first place. He believes that by creating a "culture of caring," employers can effectively save money on workers' compensation, because "that culture will maximize your productivity, efficiencies, and profits." ...This revelation alone makes the book valuable, along with several eye-opening interviews with workers' compensation experts. Employers will gain insight into such key issues as claims and premium fraud, abuse of the system, loss control and reducing the cost of claims. A thoughtful book that could actually save employers some serious money." Kirkus Review "During my time as CEO of the New York State Insurance Fund, Adam always displayed a keen insight into the intricate workings of the state compensation system. He is a true comp professional who understands the needs of the system's stakeholders; policyholders, associations, injured workers and policy makers. His primer is a must read for those involved in our industry. Ken Ross, CEO/President, Pinnacol Assurance "How to Save Big on Workers' Compensation is interesting, informative and a must read book. Adam uses his vast knowledge, candid insights including interviews with true experts in workers' compensation to discuss issues related to fraud, claims, safety and loss control. The book focuses on safety prevention as a major linchpin of effective cost control resulting in lowering premium costs. The reader should benefit from this unique review of important issues." Donald T. DeCarlo, J.D. CEO AMCOMP, Commissioner of NYS Insurance Fund, 1997-2009 "Adam offers a number of key concepts - such as managment-employee relations and a culture of caring - that are very straight forward and really work to control workers' compensation costs. His interviews with industry experts deliver the information in an easy-to-understand, real-world style. This is a great book for virtually every American business." Dennis Otmaskin, CPCU Regional President, Northeast & Mid-Atlantic Harleysville Group "I found it to be a riveting book, presented in a manner that every employer would clearly enjoy reading and would cut the cost to his bottom line. This should be considered a training manual. This is also a worthwhile book for every Insurance Broker to read and present to every business client. It presents a powerful bit of knowledge." Arthur Natter, former broker and NYSIF retiree "Adam's a serious professional and a clear-headed writer." Steve Acunto, Editor & Publisher of Insurance Advocate "I had an opportunity to read "How to $ave Big on Workers' Compensation." It is exceptional! I especially like the way you started the book with Establishing A Culture of Caring!" Scott Addis, The Addis Group "Adam, I just finished your book. Quite simply, it was fantastic. I will be purchasing and sending a few copies to my peers. Thank you for your contributions." Brian Nebel, P2P Insurance Agency, Partner
Workers' Compensation Subrogation In All 50 States - Fifth Edition
Author: Gary L. Wickert
Publisher: Juris Publishing, Inc.
ISBN: 1578233631
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 1616
Book Description
Workers' compensation subrogation continues to change and adapt, as trial lawyers prod its weak points and capitalize on confusing areas of the law. There have been numerous changes in workers' compensation statutes and case law in many states since the last edition. This edition includes an exhausting survey and detailed explanation of the crazy status of employer contribution in Illinois, which includes a step-by-step exposition of how contractual indemnity and the "Kotecki cap" play a role in expanded employer liability in Illinois workers' compensation subrogation cases. It covers the many nuances of Naig and Reverse-Naig settlements under Minnesota law, including an analysis of who has what burdens of proof and the effect such a settlement has on the remaining third-party case tried to a jury. In light of the landmark Missouri Court of Appeals decision in Robinson v. Hooker, the liability of co-employees in Missouri and surrounding states have been covered in greater detail. The concept of co-employee liability for acts which are intentional or committed outside of the course and scope of employment has been added in several states. New case law and explanations were added to the Texas chapter with regard to subrogating against UM/UIM policies, including arguments with regard to the efficacy of UM/UIM exclusionary policy language and the ability to subrogate against a UM/UIM policy actually issued by the same carrier insuring for workers' compensation coverage. West Virginia completely revised their subrogation statute and created a new statute relating to the "statutory employer" status of primary contractors and subcontractors on construction sites, limiting when and how primary contractors can become legitimate third parties for purposes of subrogation. Chapter 7, "Contractual Limitations to Subrogation" has been completely overhauled to include new statutes and case law for every state to assist practitioners in determining the law applicable when there is an alleged applicable waiver of subrogation which might otherwise destroy subrogation. A new Chapter 12 has been added, which focuses on jurisdiction of workers' compensation third-party actions taking a broad look at 28 U.S.C. § 1441, which prohibits removal of cases "arising under" state workers' compensation laws. A carrier now has the ability to prevent cases from being removed from favorable venues in state court to less favorable federal court venues - an attractive option for plaintiffs' attorneys with whom subrogated carriers can negotiate with for stipulations and concessions on their subrogation interests in exchange for maintaining a case in state court. This edition also expands on which states do and do not hold workers' compensation to be primary. Combined with more than 100 new case decisions, this Fifth Edition is the most complete and up-to-date edition yet. Workers' Compensation Subrogation is the most complete and thorough treatise covering workers' compensation subrogation ever published. There are very few areas in which the laws of each state vary more and are applied as differently, then in the area of workers' compensation subrogation. This book is intended to introduce the workers' compensation claims handler, in-house counsel, and subrogation professionals to some of the more esoteric and complex subrogation issues encountered in today's workers' compensation insurance subrogation marketplace. It covers the following issues in all 50 states: • Allocating Third Party Recoveries • Attorney's Fees • Borrowed Servant Doctrine • Conversion of Workers' Compensation Liens • Costs and Expenses • Dual Capacity Doctrine • Equitable Subrogation/Contribution • Exclusivity Rule Barring Action Against Employer • How To Calculate Your Credit/Advance and How It Is Applied In Each State • Intentional Acts • Joint Ventures • Made Whole Doctrine As Applied To Workers' Compensation Subrogation • Necessity of Intervention • Lien Reduction Statutes • Staff Leasing Services and Temporary Employment Agencies • Statutory Subrogation Rights • Subrogating Against UM/UIM Benefits • Subrogating In Medical Malpractice Cases • Subrogating In Legal Malpractice Cases • Waivers of Subrogation • Who Qualifies As A Third Party • Other Workers' Compensation Subrogation-Related Issues In addition to being an excellent primer on workers' compensation subrogation, suitable for both the new subrogation professional and the seasoned veteran, the book also contains a detailed synopsis of the workers' compensation subrogation laws in each of the 50 states. It is a must for anyone with multi-state subrogation responsibilities. Complete with diagrams, references and thousands of footnotes, this is the most ambitious workers' compensation subrogation project ever undertaken. The following issues and topics are covered in detail for each of the 50 states: Statutory Subrogation Rights • Identifies the statutory authority for workers' compensation subrogation in that state. • Discusses the purpose/legislative intent of the statute. • Is an election necessary by the worker? • Who can bring a third party action (plaintiff, carrier, employer, or all of the above)? • When and must a third party action be brought? • What are the rights of a carrier to intervene in an existing third party action filed by a worker? • Will a worker's compensation carrier's subrogation interest be barred if not brought timely? Third Parties • Who can be sued as third parties in a third party action? • Can a co-employee be sued and under what circumstances? • Can an uninsured/underinsured carrier be a "third party" under the laws of that state? • Is there a dual capacity or borrowed servant doctrine which somehow affects the ability of a worker's compensation carrier to effectively subrogate? • What is the state's workers' compensation bar? • Are there any specific restrictions regarding subrogation against a subcontractor or an employee of a subcontractor in a construction situation? • Under what circumstances can the employer be sued? • Can a carrier subrogate to the benefits of a recovery in a legal or medical malpractice action? Allocation of Third Party Recovery • How and when does the carrier recover its subrogated interest? • Does the carrier recover past benefits only or also the present value of future benefits which it owes under the Workers' Compensation Act of that state? • Is there a formula used to determine how a third party recovery is allocated? • What happens to the total recovery and how is it applied? • Can a carrier recover benefits paid by a third party or recovered in a third party action which relate to loss of consortium, or non-economic damages such as pain and suffering, mental anguish, or punitive damages? • Does the employer's negligence reduce the recovery by the worker or carrier? Attorneys' Fees/Costs • Can the plaintiff's attorney recover attorneys' fees and/or costs out of the carrier's subrogated recovery and under what circumstances? • How are attorneys' fees and costs handled if the carrier is also represented by subrogation counsel, intervenes into the third party action and actively represents its interest? • What if the carrier isn't represented? • Can a plaintiff's attorney recover attorneys' fees based on the value of past benefits only or will he be able to recover attorneys' fees based on the future benefits/credit recovered by the carrier? • Must a carrier bear its proportionate share of expenses as many states require, and what does that really mean? Credit/Advance • Can a carrier take a vacation from paying workers' compensation benefits once a worker makes a third party recovery? • How is the credit calculated under state law? • Does the carrier have to do anything special to obtain the credit, such as filing with the Workers' Compensation Commission? • Does the carrier get a credit toward future compensation benefits it owes or does it actually get to collect the present value of the future benefits it owes and still be obligated to pay the scheduled benefits in the future? Statutes of Limitation • What are the applicable statutes of limitation or statutes of repose that may be applicable to third party subrogation actions? Related Subrogation Issues • Are there any other issues or statutes which affect a worker's compensation carrier's right of subrogation, such as the made whole doctrine, common fund doctrine, or anti-subrogation statutes? • Are there any lien reduction statutes, such as those existing in Indiana, which affect a worker's compensation carrier's right of recovery? • Does the state have any no-fault laws which complicate workers' compensation subrogation involving an automobile accident, such as exist in Michigan and Colorado? • What are the carrier's options if the worker and his attorney simply refuse to repay a worker's compensation carrier's lien after settling a third party action? • If the worker fails to repay the carrier, is there a cause of action for conversion of a carrier's subrogation interest or may the carrier still proceed against the third party tortfeasor to recover its subrogation interest?
Publisher: Juris Publishing, Inc.
ISBN: 1578233631
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 1616
Book Description
Workers' compensation subrogation continues to change and adapt, as trial lawyers prod its weak points and capitalize on confusing areas of the law. There have been numerous changes in workers' compensation statutes and case law in many states since the last edition. This edition includes an exhausting survey and detailed explanation of the crazy status of employer contribution in Illinois, which includes a step-by-step exposition of how contractual indemnity and the "Kotecki cap" play a role in expanded employer liability in Illinois workers' compensation subrogation cases. It covers the many nuances of Naig and Reverse-Naig settlements under Minnesota law, including an analysis of who has what burdens of proof and the effect such a settlement has on the remaining third-party case tried to a jury. In light of the landmark Missouri Court of Appeals decision in Robinson v. Hooker, the liability of co-employees in Missouri and surrounding states have been covered in greater detail. The concept of co-employee liability for acts which are intentional or committed outside of the course and scope of employment has been added in several states. New case law and explanations were added to the Texas chapter with regard to subrogating against UM/UIM policies, including arguments with regard to the efficacy of UM/UIM exclusionary policy language and the ability to subrogate against a UM/UIM policy actually issued by the same carrier insuring for workers' compensation coverage. West Virginia completely revised their subrogation statute and created a new statute relating to the "statutory employer" status of primary contractors and subcontractors on construction sites, limiting when and how primary contractors can become legitimate third parties for purposes of subrogation. Chapter 7, "Contractual Limitations to Subrogation" has been completely overhauled to include new statutes and case law for every state to assist practitioners in determining the law applicable when there is an alleged applicable waiver of subrogation which might otherwise destroy subrogation. A new Chapter 12 has been added, which focuses on jurisdiction of workers' compensation third-party actions taking a broad look at 28 U.S.C. § 1441, which prohibits removal of cases "arising under" state workers' compensation laws. A carrier now has the ability to prevent cases from being removed from favorable venues in state court to less favorable federal court venues - an attractive option for plaintiffs' attorneys with whom subrogated carriers can negotiate with for stipulations and concessions on their subrogation interests in exchange for maintaining a case in state court. This edition also expands on which states do and do not hold workers' compensation to be primary. Combined with more than 100 new case decisions, this Fifth Edition is the most complete and up-to-date edition yet. Workers' Compensation Subrogation is the most complete and thorough treatise covering workers' compensation subrogation ever published. There are very few areas in which the laws of each state vary more and are applied as differently, then in the area of workers' compensation subrogation. This book is intended to introduce the workers' compensation claims handler, in-house counsel, and subrogation professionals to some of the more esoteric and complex subrogation issues encountered in today's workers' compensation insurance subrogation marketplace. It covers the following issues in all 50 states: • Allocating Third Party Recoveries • Attorney's Fees • Borrowed Servant Doctrine • Conversion of Workers' Compensation Liens • Costs and Expenses • Dual Capacity Doctrine • Equitable Subrogation/Contribution • Exclusivity Rule Barring Action Against Employer • How To Calculate Your Credit/Advance and How It Is Applied In Each State • Intentional Acts • Joint Ventures • Made Whole Doctrine As Applied To Workers' Compensation Subrogation • Necessity of Intervention • Lien Reduction Statutes • Staff Leasing Services and Temporary Employment Agencies • Statutory Subrogation Rights • Subrogating Against UM/UIM Benefits • Subrogating In Medical Malpractice Cases • Subrogating In Legal Malpractice Cases • Waivers of Subrogation • Who Qualifies As A Third Party • Other Workers' Compensation Subrogation-Related Issues In addition to being an excellent primer on workers' compensation subrogation, suitable for both the new subrogation professional and the seasoned veteran, the book also contains a detailed synopsis of the workers' compensation subrogation laws in each of the 50 states. It is a must for anyone with multi-state subrogation responsibilities. Complete with diagrams, references and thousands of footnotes, this is the most ambitious workers' compensation subrogation project ever undertaken. The following issues and topics are covered in detail for each of the 50 states: Statutory Subrogation Rights • Identifies the statutory authority for workers' compensation subrogation in that state. • Discusses the purpose/legislative intent of the statute. • Is an election necessary by the worker? • Who can bring a third party action (plaintiff, carrier, employer, or all of the above)? • When and must a third party action be brought? • What are the rights of a carrier to intervene in an existing third party action filed by a worker? • Will a worker's compensation carrier's subrogation interest be barred if not brought timely? Third Parties • Who can be sued as third parties in a third party action? • Can a co-employee be sued and under what circumstances? • Can an uninsured/underinsured carrier be a "third party" under the laws of that state? • Is there a dual capacity or borrowed servant doctrine which somehow affects the ability of a worker's compensation carrier to effectively subrogate? • What is the state's workers' compensation bar? • Are there any specific restrictions regarding subrogation against a subcontractor or an employee of a subcontractor in a construction situation? • Under what circumstances can the employer be sued? • Can a carrier subrogate to the benefits of a recovery in a legal or medical malpractice action? Allocation of Third Party Recovery • How and when does the carrier recover its subrogated interest? • Does the carrier recover past benefits only or also the present value of future benefits which it owes under the Workers' Compensation Act of that state? • Is there a formula used to determine how a third party recovery is allocated? • What happens to the total recovery and how is it applied? • Can a carrier recover benefits paid by a third party or recovered in a third party action which relate to loss of consortium, or non-economic damages such as pain and suffering, mental anguish, or punitive damages? • Does the employer's negligence reduce the recovery by the worker or carrier? Attorneys' Fees/Costs • Can the plaintiff's attorney recover attorneys' fees and/or costs out of the carrier's subrogated recovery and under what circumstances? • How are attorneys' fees and costs handled if the carrier is also represented by subrogation counsel, intervenes into the third party action and actively represents its interest? • What if the carrier isn't represented? • Can a plaintiff's attorney recover attorneys' fees based on the value of past benefits only or will he be able to recover attorneys' fees based on the future benefits/credit recovered by the carrier? • Must a carrier bear its proportionate share of expenses as many states require, and what does that really mean? Credit/Advance • Can a carrier take a vacation from paying workers' compensation benefits once a worker makes a third party recovery? • How is the credit calculated under state law? • Does the carrier have to do anything special to obtain the credit, such as filing with the Workers' Compensation Commission? • Does the carrier get a credit toward future compensation benefits it owes or does it actually get to collect the present value of the future benefits it owes and still be obligated to pay the scheduled benefits in the future? Statutes of Limitation • What are the applicable statutes of limitation or statutes of repose that may be applicable to third party subrogation actions? Related Subrogation Issues • Are there any other issues or statutes which affect a worker's compensation carrier's right of subrogation, such as the made whole doctrine, common fund doctrine, or anti-subrogation statutes? • Are there any lien reduction statutes, such as those existing in Indiana, which affect a worker's compensation carrier's right of recovery? • Does the state have any no-fault laws which complicate workers' compensation subrogation involving an automobile accident, such as exist in Michigan and Colorado? • What are the carrier's options if the worker and his attorney simply refuse to repay a worker's compensation carrier's lien after settling a third party action? • If the worker fails to repay the carrier, is there a cause of action for conversion of a carrier's subrogation interest or may the carrier still proceed against the third party tortfeasor to recover its subrogation interest?
California Workers' Compensation Law
Author: Stanford D. Herlick
Publisher: LexisNexis
ISBN:
Category : Workers' compensation
Languages : en
Pages : 1916
Book Description
Publisher: LexisNexis
ISBN:
Category : Workers' compensation
Languages : en
Pages : 1916
Book Description
Model Rules of Professional Conduct
Author: American Bar Association. House of Delegates
Publisher: American Bar Association
ISBN: 9781590318737
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 216
Book Description
The Model Rules of Professional Conduct provides an up-to-date resource for information on legal ethics. Federal, state and local courts in all jurisdictions look to the Rules for guidance in solving lawyer malpractice cases, disciplinary actions, disqualification issues, sanctions questions and much more. In this volume, black-letter Rules of Professional Conduct are followed by numbered Comments that explain each Rule's purpose and provide suggestions for its practical application. The Rules will help you identify proper conduct in a variety of given situations, review those instances where discretionary action is possible, and define the nature of the relationship between you and your clients, colleagues and the courts.
Publisher: American Bar Association
ISBN: 9781590318737
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 216
Book Description
The Model Rules of Professional Conduct provides an up-to-date resource for information on legal ethics. Federal, state and local courts in all jurisdictions look to the Rules for guidance in solving lawyer malpractice cases, disciplinary actions, disqualification issues, sanctions questions and much more. In this volume, black-letter Rules of Professional Conduct are followed by numbered Comments that explain each Rule's purpose and provide suggestions for its practical application. The Rules will help you identify proper conduct in a variety of given situations, review those instances where discretionary action is possible, and define the nature of the relationship between you and your clients, colleagues and the courts.
Understanding the AMA Guides in Workers' Compensation
Author: Steven Babitsky
Publisher: Wolters Kluwer
ISBN: 0735509395
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 1084
Book Description
Rev. ed. of: Understanding the AMA guides in workers' compensation. 4th ed. / Steven Babitsky, James J. Mangraviti, Jr. 2008.
Publisher: Wolters Kluwer
ISBN: 0735509395
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 1084
Book Description
Rev. ed. of: Understanding the AMA guides in workers' compensation. 4th ed. / Steven Babitsky, James J. Mangraviti, Jr. 2008.