Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
An accurate assessment of future fuel/propulsion system options requires a complete vehicle fuel-cycle analysis, commonly called a well-to-wheels (WTW) analysis. This WTW study analyzes energy use and emissions associated with fuel production (or well-to-tank [WTT]) activities and energy use and emissions associated with vehicle operation (or tank-to-wheels [TTW]) activities.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are being developed for mass production by the automotive industry. PHEVs have been touted for their potential to reduce the US transportation sector's dependence on petroleum and cut greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by (1) using off-peak excess electric generation capacity and (2) increasing vehicles energy efficiency. A well-to-wheels (WTW) analysis - which examines energy use and emissions from primary energy source through vehicle operation - can help researchers better understand the impact of the upstream mix of electricity generation technologies for PHEV recharging, as well as the powertrain technology and fuel sources for PHEVs. For the WTW analysis, Argonne National Laboratory researchers used the Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET) model developed by Argonne to compare the WTW energy use and GHG emissions associated with various transportation technologies to those associated with PHEVs. Argonne researchers estimated the fuel economy and electricity use of PHEVs and alternative fuel/vehicle systems by using the Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit (PSAT) model. They examined two PHEV designs: the power-split configuration and the series configuration. The first is a parallel hybrid configuration in which the engine and the electric motor are connected to a single mechanical transmission that incorporates a power-split device that allows for parallel power paths - mechanical and electrical - from the engine to the wheels, allowing the engine and the electric motor to share the power during acceleration. In the second configuration, the engine powers a generator, which charges a battery that is used by the electric motor to propel the vehicle; thus, the engine never directly powers the vehicle's transmission. The power-split configuration was adopted for PHEVs with a 10- and 20-mile electric range because they require frequent use of the engine for acceleration and to provide energy when the battery is depleted, while the series configuration was adopted for PHEVs with a 30- and 40-mile electric range because they rely mostly on electrical power for propulsion. Argonne researchers calculated the equivalent on-road (real-world) fuel economy on the basis of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency miles per gallon (mpg)-based formulas. The reduction in fuel economy attributable to the on-road adjustment formula was capped at 30% for advanced vehicle systems (e.g., PHEVs, fuel cell vehicles [FCVs], hybrid electric vehicles [HEVs], and battery-powered electric vehicles [BEVs]). Simulations for calendar year 2020 with model year 2015 mid-size vehicles were chosen for this analysis to address the implications of PHEVs within a reasonable timeframe after their likely introduction over the next few years. For the WTW analysis, Argonne assumed a PHEV market penetration of 10% by 2020 in order to examine the impact of significant PHEV loading on the utility power sector. Technological improvement with medium uncertainty for each vehicle was also assumed for the analysis. Argonne employed detailed dispatch models to simulate the electric power systems in four major regions of the US: the New England Independent System Operator, the New York Independent System Operator, the State of Illinois, and the Western Electric Coordinating Council. Argonne also evaluated the US average generation mix and renewable generation of electricity for PHEV and BEV recharging scenarios to show the effects of these generation mixes on PHEV WTW results. Argonne's GREET model was designed to examine the WTW energy use and GHG emissions for PHEVs and BEVs, as well as FCVs, regular HEVs, and conventional gasoline internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). WTW results are reported for charge-depleting (CD) operation of PHEVs under different recharging scenarios. The combined WTW results of CD and charge-sustaining (CS) PHEV operations (using the utility factor method) were also examined and reported. According to the utility factor method, the share of vehicle miles traveled during CD operation is 25% for PHEV10 and 51% for PHEV40. Argonne's WTW analysis of PHEVs revealed that the following factors significantly impact the energy use and GHG emissions results for PHEVs and BEVs compared with baseline gasoline vehicle technologies: (1) the regional electricity generation mix for battery recharging and (2) the adjustment of fuel economy and electricity consumption to reflect real-world driving conditions. Although the analysis predicted the marginal electricity generation mixes for major regions in the United States, these mixes should be evaluated as possible scenarios for recharging PHEVs because significant uncertainties are associated with the assumed market penetration for these vehicles. Thus, the reported WTW results for PHEVs should be directly correlated with the underlying generation mix, rather than with the region linked to that mix.
Author: Tariq Muneer Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0128030402 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 588
Book Description
Electric Vehicles: Prospects and Challenges looks at recent design methodologies and technological advancements in electric vehicles and the integration of electric vehicles in the smart grid environment, comprehensively covering the fundamentals, theory and design, recent developments and technical issues involved with electric vehicles. Considering the prospects, challenges and policy status of specific regions and vehicle deployment, the global case study references make this book useful for academics and researchers in all engineering and sustainable transport areas. Presents a systematic and integrated reference on the essentials of theory and design of electric vehicle technologies Provides a comprehensive look at the research and development involved in the use of electric vehicle technologies Includes global case studies from leading EV regions, including Nordic and European countries China and India
Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Energy and Air Quality Publisher: ISBN: Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 144
Author: M. C. Williams Publisher: The Electrochemical Society ISBN: 1566775493 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 876
Book Description
This issue of the 2006 Fuel Cell Seminar, held in Honolulu, Hawaii in 2006, marks the 30th Anniversary of the seminar, and contains papers dealing with stationary fuel cell systems, technology development, demonstration, and commercialization of fuel cells. Major topic of discussions throughout the three oral sessions and poster sessions were stationary fuel cell systems, hydrogen systems, and their efficient use as backup systems. Their use as alternative energies and portable fuel cells were also discussed.
Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Publisher: ISBN: Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 118
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309268524 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 395
Book Description
For a century, almost all light-duty vehicles (LDVs) have been powered by internal combustion engines operating on petroleum fuels. Energy security concerns about petroleum imports and the effect of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on global climate are driving interest in alternatives. Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels assesses the potential for reducing petroleum consumption and GHG emissions by 80 percent across the U.S. LDV fleet by 2050, relative to 2005. This report examines the current capability and estimated future performance and costs for each vehicle type and non-petroleum-based fuel technology as options that could significantly contribute to these goals. By analyzing scenarios that combine various fuel and vehicle pathways, the report also identifies barriers to implementation of these technologies and suggests policies to achieve the desired reductions. Several scenarios are promising, but strong, and effective policies such as research and development, subsidies, energy taxes, or regulations will be necessary to overcome barriers, such as cost and consumer choice.
Author: Arindam Kuila Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1394172397 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 388
Book Description
PRODUCTION of BIOBUTANOL from BIOMASS The book covers all current technologies of lignocellulosic biobutanol production as well as the environmental and socioeconomic impact assessment. N-butanol is a bulk chemical that is used as an industrial solvent and as a component in paint, coatings, and adhesives, among other things. When compared to other biofuels, biobutanol has the advantages of being immiscible in water, having a higher energy content, and having a lower vapor pressure. There are various benefits to producing biobutanol from lignocellulosic biomass. However, there are challenges in producing butanol from lignocellulosic biomass, such as biomass’s complex structure, low butanol yield, and high cost of production, etc. The 13 chapters comprising this book discuss the current technology and prospects of biobutanol production. The first four chapters provide an overview of the current technological status, while the next six chapters discuss different strategies for enhanced biobutanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. The last three chapters present the industrial status and techno-economic analysis of lignocellulosic biobutanol production. Audience The book will be useful for researchers in the areas of various branches of life sciences such as environmental biotechnology, bioprocess engineering, renewable energy, chemical engineering, nanotechnology, biotechnology, microbiology.
Author: Veera Gnaneswar Gude Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1351582852 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 592
Book Description
Renewable fuel research and process development requires interdisciplinary approaches involving chemists and physicists from both scientific and engineering backgrounds. Here is an important volume that emphasizes green chemistry and green engineering principles for sustainable process development from an interdisciplinary point of view. It creates an enriching knowledge base on green chemistry of biofuel production, sustainable process development, and green engineering principles for renewable fuel production. This book includes chapters contributed by both research scientists and research engineers with significant experience in biofuel chemistry and processes. The book offers an abundance of scientific experimental methods and analytical procedures and interpretation of the results that capture the state-of-the-art knowledge in this field. The wide range of topics make this book a valuable resource for academicians, researchers, industrial practitioners and scientists, and engineers in various renewable energy fields. Key features: • Emphasizes green chemistry and green engineering principles for sustainable process development for biofuel production • Discusses a wide array of biofuels from algal biomass to waste-to-energy technologies and wastewater treatment and activated sludge processes • Presents advances and developments in biofuel green chemistry and green engineering, including process intensification (microwaves/ultrasound), ionic liquids, and green catalysis • Looks at environmental assessment and economic impact of biofuel production
Author: 
Author: 
Author: Tariq Muneer
Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Energy and Air Quality
Author: M. C. Williams
Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
Author: National Research Council
Author: Arindam Kuila
Author: 
Author: Veera Gnaneswar Gude