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Author: Molly K. Macauley Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 131735284X Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 146
Book Description
Using case studies, the authors evaluate the potential attractiveness of incentive-based policies for the regulation of four specific toxic substances: chlorinated solvents, formaldehyde, cadmium, and brominated flame retardants. Originally published in 1992, the authors provide a compelling demonstration of the role of case studies in determining the appropriate regulatory approach for the specific toxic substances. This is a valuable title for students concerned with environmental issues and policy making.
Author: Molly K. Macauley Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 131735284X Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 146
Book Description
Using case studies, the authors evaluate the potential attractiveness of incentive-based policies for the regulation of four specific toxic substances: chlorinated solvents, formaldehyde, cadmium, and brominated flame retardants. Originally published in 1992, the authors provide a compelling demonstration of the role of case studies in determining the appropriate regulatory approach for the specific toxic substances. This is a valuable title for students concerned with environmental issues and policy making.
Author: Albert L. Nichols Publisher: MIT Press (MA) ISBN: Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 216
Book Description
This book makes a major and original contribution to the "incentives vs. standards" debate by showing how different targets (the points at which incentives are applied) affect the ability of regulation to provide environmental protection at lowest possible cost.
Author: Lily Hsueh Publisher: ISBN: Category : Chemical industry Languages : en Pages : 287
Book Description
In recent decades, in the backdrop of highly constrained government and public sector finances worldwide, private forms of regulation in natural resource and environmental policy have gained political and public salience: there is an increased interest in governance with government rather than governance by government. This dissertation, consisting of three essays, investigates the policy impact of bilateral voluntary agreements, one form of voluntary environmental programs, and the compliance-related decision-making processes involving regulators, corporate actors, and NGO activists that have led to them. The first essay of the dissertation examines the effectiveness of a bilateral voluntary agreement negotiated between the U.S. EPA and the pressure-treated wood industry to ban the use of a poisonous arsenic compound. Unlike earlier studies on voluntary programs, results from dynamic panel estimation and advanced time series techniques show that the voluntary agreement has lowered arsenic use in the U.S. to levels not seen since the 1920s. Moreover, a government-driven information disclosure policy--namely the EPA's Toxic Release Inventory--was effective in decreasing arsenic use, albeit to a lesser magnitude than the industry voluntary ban. Prioritizing environmental protection through financial resources, as measured by Congress-allocated dollars to the EPA, has also reaped environmental benefits. Systematic surveys of key stakeholders provide institutional, political, and economic insights into the impact estimates of the bilateral voluntary agreement on arsenic use. Policy process tracing based on the survey data shows that the pressure-treated wood industry was compelled to engage in beyond-compliance action given the existence of a poison-free substitute, market competitive pressures, and the threat of future regulation. The EPA regulators casted a shadow of public law with the credible threat of future regulation by "steering" or encouraging voluntary action and sanctioning noncompliance once the voluntary beyond compliance action had occurred. Moreover, third-party stakeholders, such as NGO activists, played an important "accountability" role by pressuring for and certifying firms' beyond compliance environmental stewardship. In the second essay, I develop a theoretical framework by building on the multiple streams framework (Kingdon, 1984) to explain the compliance-related decision-making processes and apply it to two cases of "successful" bilateral voluntary agreements in mercury and arsenic use, respectively. Specifically, to the problem, policy, and politics streams of the multiple streams framework I add an economy stream and delineate its key variables. I argue that the economy stream demarcates the roles that product substitutes, market competition, corporate social responsibility, the market changer, and the global economy play in creating incentives for businesses to partake in industry self-regulation. The market changer is a maverick business that engages in an action or a set of actions that completely transforms the modus operandi of the industry in which the market changer operates. While both bilateral voluntary agreements achieved the negotiated chemical reduction objectives, the push and pull of politics, economics, as well as institutional factors led to two distinctive bilateral voluntary agreements: one was an outcome of industry voluntary stewardship and the other was a result of activist campaigns. The final essay employ recently developed, state-of-the-art structural change and unit root tests, as well as cointegration analyses to investigate whether federal regulations since the 1970s have had an effect on toxic chemical use and what the time series properties of the data reveal about policy efficacy over the long-run. I examine whether there is a long-run equilibrium relationship among chemicals that are regulated under the same laws and whether there are clusters of chemicals (e.g., end-use sectors that use the same chemicals) that share a common trend, which could suggest common economic and institutional drivers. Results indicate that while some toxic chemicals have been successfully reduced or phased-out by regulatory efforts, a majority of the toxic chemicals used in commercial products are largely driven by changes in U.S. GDP, industrial production, and private investments in research and development, rather than by common political, economic, and institutional factors, such as government regulations.
Author: Madhu Khanna Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
A recent shift in the U.S. strategy for environmental protection is the use of voluntary programs and self- regulation for pollution control rather than mandated command- and-control approaches. If voluntary approaches are successful in reducing pollution, they also have the potential to be more cost?effective than existing command? and?control regulations because they allow firms flexibility to choose the most appropriate pollution control strategy, lower information costs and reduce the administrative burden on environmental agencies. Current analytical research concerning voluntary programs has examined their welfare impacts and the cost-effectiveness of using voluntary programs together with mandatory regulations. Recent empirical studies have been limited to examining firms' motivations to participate in voluntary programs. From an environmental policy perspective it is also important to investigate whether voluntary programs are more effective at reducing pollution than traditional approaches. It is necessary to explore the relative roles of mandatory regulations and voluntary programs and if they are complements or substitutes in pollution control. It is also vital to examine the consequences of participation on a firm's economic performance. If the government does not provide any financial incentive for participation in voluntary programs, their long-term feasibility as policy tools depends on their impact on a firm's profitability. These issues are examined in the context of firms in the U.S. chemical industry and their participation in EPA's 33/50 Program. Panel data for the years 1988-1993 are used. We evaluate the impact of the Program by developing a two-stage generalized least squares model that corrects for self-selection bias and controls for the effect of firm-specific factors on a firm's level of pollution and its economic performance. The empirical analysis shows that firms decided to participate in the 33/50 Program because of rational economic self-interest. Incentives for participation include expected gains due to public recognition and technical assistance and expected reductions in future liabilities and compliance costs under mandatory environmental regulations. This suggests that participation in voluntary programs depends on a framework of mandatory regulation that provide a credible threat of penalties if firms do not voluntarily self-regulate their emissions. We demonstrate that the Program led to a statistically significant decline in the release of toxic chemicals after controlling for sample-selection bias, the impact of mandatory regulations and firm-specific characteristics. We also find that the program had a negative and statistically significant impact on the net income of firms in the short run, but that future profitability of firms improved significantly as a result of the program.
Author: Lawrence S. Rothenberg Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 1108663494 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 118
Book Description
Since 1990, polarization hindered changing environmental policy statutorily. Yet, in mid-2016 the Lautenberg Act regulating toxics - chemicals employed in commerce - was passed, winning business and environmental support. What might explain this? Has the Trump administration undercut the law's effects? Does the Act's passage portend more progressive actions? We show that the Act was a function of the status quo changing due to regulatory efforts abroad and in the United States, and from outside pressures on business. These influences impacted implementation, with the Trump administration not targeting toxics regulation analogous to other programs. Further, the processes we observe for toxics may not be unique.
Author: Roger Meiners Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 135128942X Category : Law Languages : en Pages : 490
Book Description
Hundreds of hazardous waste sites are on the Superfund National Priority List in the United States, and thousands more could become eligible. The Superfund has spent or ordered the spending of billions of dollars, with little apparent impact on human health risks. While public perception of the real or imagined hazardous nature of consumer and industrial substances has resulted in widespread attention to the issue, lawsuits have proliferated with liability aimed at "deep pockets" instead of individual agents who may be responsible. Contributors to Cutting Green Tape carefully examine the existence and severity of the toxic harms and liability problem, the erosion of a clear tort legal system to settle disputes, and whether a clearly defined system of property rights could be developed to reduce the dangers from toxic substances.Cutting Green Tape rethinks the nature and impact of today's environmental bureaucracy. Rather than continue unworkable, cumbersome, and often contradictory regulations, Cutting Green Tape prescribes a clearer tort legal system to settle disputes and demonstrates that clearly defined environmental property rights would reduce the threat of toxic substances. Among the many topics addressed are: air toxins policy; pollution, damages, and tort law; risk assessment, insurance, and public information; protecting groundwater; regulation of carcinogens; contracting for health and safety; and toxin torts by government.The book converges on a central theme: when common law remedies, with their burden of proof and standards of evidence, are replaced by the legislatively mandated regulatory regimes described, a problem emerges. The bureaucratic "tunnel vision" described by Justice Stephen Breyer, tends to take over. The police powers of the state are given to bureaucratic decision makers who are limited only by the blunt instrument of political influence, rather than by the need to show harm or wrongdoing in an unbiased court (as the police are), or by a budget on expenditures set by the Congress (as most bureaus are). The excesses described in the chapters thus result not from incompetence in the bureaus, but from the expansive powers granted to decision makers who are tightly focused on the narrow mission they see before them.
Author: Paul R. Portney Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1317310144 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 308
Book Description
Originally published in 1990, this study tracks the issues, progress and problems in environmental issues in the United States from the 1980’s. Improvements in air and water quality as well as regulation of hazardous waste and toxic substances has led to new policies such as the Superfund Act and a general increase in awareness about environmental issues on a federal level. Placing an emphasis on economics, these papers analyse the effectiveness of environmental policy and progress made in relation to air pollution, water quality, hazardous wastes, toxic substances and enforcement of regulations. This title will be of interest to students of environmental studies.
Author: Molly K. Macauley
Author: Molly K. Macauley
Author: Albert L. Nichols
Author: Lily Hsueh
Author: Madhu Khanna
Author: Lawrence S. Rothenberg
Author: Roger Meiners
Author: Paul R. Portney
Author: Adam B. Jaffe
Author: Adele R. Palmer
Author: United States. General Accounting Office