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Author: Vishwanath Venketaraman Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319973673 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 149
Book Description
According to the World Health Organization, approximately one third of the world’s population is latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb [LTBI]), of whom about 9 million have active tuberculosis (TB). It is estimated that approximately 2 million individuals die each year from active TB. An estimated 14.4% of these individuals have HIV and M. tb co-infection. TB has long been known to be one of the leading causes of death in HIV-infected individuals. Recent evidence now indicates that individuals with type 2 diabetes, the elderly, and chronic smokers are also increasingly susceptible to TB infection, the ability of their immune system to fight off active TB infection having been compromised by their condition. This book therefore aims to provide a detailed review of recent advances in the research that involves characterizing the host’s immune responses against TB infection in conditions such as HIV, diabetes, chronic cigarette smoking and aging, and strategies to restore favorable immune responses against this deadly pathogen.
Author: Vishwanath Venketaraman Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319973673 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 149
Book Description
According to the World Health Organization, approximately one third of the world’s population is latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb [LTBI]), of whom about 9 million have active tuberculosis (TB). It is estimated that approximately 2 million individuals die each year from active TB. An estimated 14.4% of these individuals have HIV and M. tb co-infection. TB has long been known to be one of the leading causes of death in HIV-infected individuals. Recent evidence now indicates that individuals with type 2 diabetes, the elderly, and chronic smokers are also increasingly susceptible to TB infection, the ability of their immune system to fight off active TB infection having been compromised by their condition. This book therefore aims to provide a detailed review of recent advances in the research that involves characterizing the host’s immune responses against TB infection in conditions such as HIV, diabetes, chronic cigarette smoking and aging, and strategies to restore favorable immune responses against this deadly pathogen.
Author: Maziar Divangahi Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1461461111 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 295
Book Description
This book illustrates the intimate relationship between alveolar macrophages and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.), and the former’s role in both innate and adaptive immunity against M.tb. It covers research done over the last decade. It also explores the role of macrophage death following infection with M.tb. in determining whether successful immunity is stimulated, or whether clinical disease develops; furthermore, the function of host lipid mediators in macrophage death modality are addressed. The book also illustrates how the balance between prostaglandins and lipoxins determines whether infected macrophages undergo apoptosis or necrosis, which is the ultimate factor in the outcome of infection. Finally, it is a synthesis of the authors’ recent studies and the studies of others to offer a new understanding of immunity to tuberculosis.
Author: Pere-Joan Cardona Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand ISBN: 9533079428 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 574
Book Description
Mycobacterium tuberculosis in an attempt to understand the extent to which the bacilli has adapted itself to the host and to its final target. On the other hand, there is a section in which other specialists discuss how to manipulate this immune response to obtain innovative prophylactic and therapeutic approaches to truncate the intimal co-evolution between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the Homo sapiens.
Author: Jeffrey D. Cirillo Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030253813 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 255
Book Description
This book summarizes the progress in studies of tuberculosis host-pathogen interactions from several perspectives: molecular microbiology, immunology, animal models, clinical studies, epidemiology, and drug discovery. Tuberculosis (TB) remains a severe global public health problem. Complex interactions between environmental, microbial and host factors lead to clinically relevant infections. Studies on bacterial virulence, host-genetic, and immunological factors contributing to the susceptibility to TB provide an ever-growing foundation of knowledge that is critical to finding new interventions. Studies of immune mechanisms against M. tuberculosis infection have identified immunological markers associated with specific phenotypes in the host, providing insight into how they may be used to augment current treatment strategies. Recent advances in diagnosis, therapeutics and vaccines, as well as basic-research oriented studies have shed light on the development of new directions for prevention, treatment and control of TB. Improved understanding of the interplay between the bacterium and host is a key component of reducing incidence worldwide.
Author: William R. Jacobs, Jr. Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1555819567 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 741
Book Description
Can today's innovative practices and molecular tools tame this ancient disease? One third of the world's population is infected with tuberculosis (TB), with about 10 million new cases annually. To combat TB and its agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the World Health Organization launched The End TB Strategy, which aims to slash the suffering and cost of TB by 2035. This makes the second edition of Tuberculosis and the Tubercle Bacillus, edited by Jacobs, McShane, Mizrahi, and Orme, an extremely valuable resource for scientists and clinicians. The editors have gathered their colleagues from around the world to present the latest on the molecular biology of M. tuberculosis and related species, the host-pathogen interactions that enable invasion, and the host's immune response to M. tuberculosis infection. The basic, clinical, and translational research presented in this book supports the goals of WHO's End TB Strategy by driving toward the development of effective vaccines, rapid molecular diagnostics, and anti-TB drugs. Creating an effective tuberculosis vaccine. Understand the innate and adaptive immune response to M. tuberculosis infection, its study in established animal models, and how this information is being used to develop new vaccines against TB. Formulating new antituberculosis drugs. Learn the challenges and methods for evaluating new drugs in preclinical trials with a focus on drugs that work against "persisters" and those that act on the electron transport complex and ATP synthase of M. tuberculosis. Overcoming the challenges of diagnosing tuberculosis. Review new diagnostic tools that are simple, rapid, affordable, specific, sensitive, and safe, including molecular-based diagnostic methods such as GeneXpert MTB/RIF. Using molecular, genomic, and bioinformatics tools to understand the biology and evolution of Mycobacterium. Explore current research on the molecular mechanisms that M. tuberculosis uses to evade the immune system, enter a state of nonreplicating persistence, and become reactivated. The second edition of Tuberculosis and the Tubercle Bacillus presents the latest research on a microorganism that is exquisitely well adapted to its human host. This pathogen continues to confound scientists, clinicians, and public health specialists, who will all find much valuable information in this comprehensive set of reviews.
Author: Dorothee Heemskerk Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319191322 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 71
Book Description
This work contains updated and clinically relevant information about tuberculosis. It is aimed at providing a succinct overview of history and disease epidemiology, clinical presentation and the most recent scientific developments in the field of tuberculosis research, with an emphasis on diagnosis and treatment. It may serve as a practical resource for students, clinicians and researchers who work in the field of infectious diseases.
Author: Poonam Rath Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 334
Book Description
An estimated three million years of co-evolution with humans suggests that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiologic agent of the disease tuberculosis, has evolved to titrate immune responses in its host to successfully maintain a state of balanced immunoreactivity. The careful titration of immune responses indicates that there is window of vulnerability in which an alteration can tip the balance in favor of the host, resulting in the killing of the pathogen and elimination of infection. Improved understanding of the pathobiology of tuberculosis relies on the discovery and characterization of Mtb genes involved in restraining immune responses in the host, which would optimally serve to rid the host of infection. A genetic screen conducted to assess dysregulation of a range of immune responses in mouse macrophages in response to infection with a library of loss-of-function transposon mutants of Mtb uncovered an immunomodulatory capacity for several mycobacterial genes. This thesis is aimed at understanding ways in which Mtb fine-tunes the host immune response. We performed studies with two immunomodulatory mutants of Mtb discovered from the genetic screen, both of which elicited hyper-inflammatory responses in macrophages. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 describe work done with Tn:Rv0431. Disruption of rv0431 in Mtb leads to the release of outer membrane vesicles enriched in the lipoproteins LpqH and SodC, both known agonists of TLR2. Mice and human macrophages infected with Rv0431-deficient Mtb show improved control of bacterial growth. This restriction of virulence of Rv0431-deficient Mtb in mice is mediated in part by TLR2, implying that an enhanced immune response in vivo is required for mediating control. Chapter 5 describes work done with Tn:RodA. Tn:RodA is hyper-inflammatory in vitro in both macrophages and dendritic cells; however, it is not attenuated for growth in mice, implying that RodA is dispensable for virulence in vivo.
Author: Vishwanath Venketaraman Publisher: MDPI ISBN: 3039435019 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 120
Book Description
TB is considered as one of the oldest documented infectious diseases in the world and is believed to be the leading cause of mortality due to a single infectious agent. Mtb, the causative agent responsible for TB, continues to afflict millions of people worldwide. Furthermore, one-third of the entire world's population has latent TB. Consequently, there has been a worldwide effort to eradicate and limit the spread of Mtb through the use of antibiotics. However, management of TB is becoming more challenging with the emergence of drug-resistant and multi-drug resistant strains of Mtb. Furthermore, when administered, many of the anti-TB drugs commonly present severe complications and side effects. Novel approaches to enhance the host immune responses to completely eradicate Mtb infection are urgently needed. This Special Issue will therefore cover most recent advances in the area of host-directed therapies for TB.
Author: King K. Holmes Publisher: World Bank Publications ISBN: 1464805253 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 1027
Book Description
Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.
Author: Vishwanath Venketaraman
Author: Vishwanath Venketaraman
Author: Maziar Divangahi
Author: Pere-Joan Cardona
Author: Veronica Edith Garcia
Author: Jeffrey D. Cirillo
Author: William R. Jacobs, Jr.
Author: Dorothee Heemskerk
Author: Poonam Rath
Author: Vishwanath Venketaraman
Author: King K. Holmes