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Author: Meththika Vithanage Publisher: Springer ISBN: 9783642178344 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 200
Book Description
The goal of this monograph is to disseminate a fundamental understanding of the physical processes of saltwater contamination of shallow sandy aquifers due to an event like December 2004 tsunami or a storm surge event like Hurricane Katrina in the United States in 2005. The main objectives of this book are, 1. Describe the processes occurring in the unstable phenomena associated with tsunami contamination and its nature 2. Disseminate knowledge on parameters which influence saltwater plume migration, use of field experiments, physical experiments and computational modeling, 3. Provide guidelines for mitigation of such contamination and water use after such incident Summary Contaminants are typically released into the subsurface as constituents of a liquid phase in small concentrations with low contaminating speed. Tsunami is a natural hazard which is very fast and therefore the contamination time is also fast. However, the contamination resides very long as well as it can make huge devastation for the whole environment including groundwater. First chapter will discuss the characteristics of tsunami as a natural hazard and its effects. Tsunamis occurs in coastal areas and therefore the groundwater in coastal regions faces contamination by saltwater during a tsunami event. Before discussing the contamination of the aquifer it is important to know the characteristics of such aquifer systems. The nature of the hydrogeologic environment such as the heterogeneity, permeability, conductivity and porosity will affect the subsequent transport process in the subsurface. Hence, the Chapter 2 will introduce the characteristics and the vulnerability of the coastal aquifers especially sandy aquifers. Chapter 3 addresses several aspects of the effect of tsunami on groundwater, including different contamination modes, cleaning of drinking water after the catastrophic event and the studies carried out with regard to water. Three important contamination modes can be pointed out from few others. Direct infiltration, infiltration through saltwater filled wells and infiltration through topographic depressions are those. Chapter 4 outlines the basic parameters, to be tested in different types of field experiments such as water quality investigations, flow and transport modeling etc. separately. For each of these, characterization methods and tools that can be used, including invasive and non invasive sampling approaches, methods for laboratory analysis will be discussed. Geophysics is an important tool for subsurface characterization especially when saltwater is present as a contaminant. Use of geophysics, challenging data and disadvantages of inadequate characterization of the aquifer will also be discussed in this chapter. Physical experiments are very useful in understanding the behavior of subsurface contaminant flow and affecting factors. However, with spatial scale, time and stratigraphy of the media the results may show differences. Specific sensors can be used to detect the concentrations of saltwater with time thus the types, advantages and disadvantages of the sensors will be included in here, Chapter 5. There are few critical parameters needed in these physical experiments such as porosity, dispersion coefficient etc. Methods of obtaining this information will also be incorporated as a guide. Plume shape and behavior changes mainly with the subsurface characteristics of the media. Overall time taken for refreshing the aquifer to the pre-contamination stage will be focused in this chapter. With the increase of computer power, numerical modeling of groundwater flow and solute transport started focusing on density driven flow for risk assessment of the aquifers. Numerous modeling studies were carried out to examine the propagation of dense leachate plumes and also to understand the fundamental issues of hydrodynamic instability and fingering phenomena in density driven flow and transport problems. During variable density flow modeling, plume instability may arise due to many circumstances. Numerical dispersion (artificial, grid dependant smearing of sharp solute concentration fronts) and oscillation (overshooting and undershooting of true solution) are well known difficulties in simulating advection-dominated solute transport problems. It is very important to distinguish between truncation errors and numerical oscillation because truncation errors can result in a different picture from the real physics of the actual system. Numerical studies of dense contaminant plumes from tsunami or storm surge like events and the aquifer cleansing times has not been performed in great detail and so knowledge of variable density plume behavior remains incomplete and this will be addressed in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 explains the different case studies carried out afterwards the Dec, 2004 tsunami to observe and enhance the knowledge on the effect of tsunami on groundwater. Chapter 8 is dedicated to present the technologies and activities that can serve as possible candidates for remediation the saltwater pollution in the aquifers as well as to provide drinking water to the public. Several different techniques have become increasingly popular after the South Asian tsunami incident and this chapter will present those technologies and methods, their strengths and weaknesses as well as cost considerations. Finally, guidelines for use of wells plus drinking water will be given in here.
Author: Meththika Vithanage Publisher: Springer ISBN: 9783642178344 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 200
Book Description
The goal of this monograph is to disseminate a fundamental understanding of the physical processes of saltwater contamination of shallow sandy aquifers due to an event like December 2004 tsunami or a storm surge event like Hurricane Katrina in the United States in 2005. The main objectives of this book are, 1. Describe the processes occurring in the unstable phenomena associated with tsunami contamination and its nature 2. Disseminate knowledge on parameters which influence saltwater plume migration, use of field experiments, physical experiments and computational modeling, 3. Provide guidelines for mitigation of such contamination and water use after such incident Summary Contaminants are typically released into the subsurface as constituents of a liquid phase in small concentrations with low contaminating speed. Tsunami is a natural hazard which is very fast and therefore the contamination time is also fast. However, the contamination resides very long as well as it can make huge devastation for the whole environment including groundwater. First chapter will discuss the characteristics of tsunami as a natural hazard and its effects. Tsunamis occurs in coastal areas and therefore the groundwater in coastal regions faces contamination by saltwater during a tsunami event. Before discussing the contamination of the aquifer it is important to know the characteristics of such aquifer systems. The nature of the hydrogeologic environment such as the heterogeneity, permeability, conductivity and porosity will affect the subsequent transport process in the subsurface. Hence, the Chapter 2 will introduce the characteristics and the vulnerability of the coastal aquifers especially sandy aquifers. Chapter 3 addresses several aspects of the effect of tsunami on groundwater, including different contamination modes, cleaning of drinking water after the catastrophic event and the studies carried out with regard to water. Three important contamination modes can be pointed out from few others. Direct infiltration, infiltration through saltwater filled wells and infiltration through topographic depressions are those. Chapter 4 outlines the basic parameters, to be tested in different types of field experiments such as water quality investigations, flow and transport modeling etc. separately. For each of these, characterization methods and tools that can be used, including invasive and non invasive sampling approaches, methods for laboratory analysis will be discussed. Geophysics is an important tool for subsurface characterization especially when saltwater is present as a contaminant. Use of geophysics, challenging data and disadvantages of inadequate characterization of the aquifer will also be discussed in this chapter. Physical experiments are very useful in understanding the behavior of subsurface contaminant flow and affecting factors. However, with spatial scale, time and stratigraphy of the media the results may show differences. Specific sensors can be used to detect the concentrations of saltwater with time thus the types, advantages and disadvantages of the sensors will be included in here, Chapter 5. There are few critical parameters needed in these physical experiments such as porosity, dispersion coefficient etc. Methods of obtaining this information will also be incorporated as a guide. Plume shape and behavior changes mainly with the subsurface characteristics of the media. Overall time taken for refreshing the aquifer to the pre-contamination stage will be focused in this chapter. With the increase of computer power, numerical modeling of groundwater flow and solute transport started focusing on density driven flow for risk assessment of the aquifers. Numerous modeling studies were carried out to examine the propagation of dense leachate plumes and also to understand the fundamental issues of hydrodynamic instability and fingering phenomena in density driven flow and transport problems. During variable density flow modeling, plume instability may arise due to many circumstances. Numerical dispersion (artificial, grid dependant smearing of sharp solute concentration fronts) and oscillation (overshooting and undershooting of true solution) are well known difficulties in simulating advection-dominated solute transport problems. It is very important to distinguish between truncation errors and numerical oscillation because truncation errors can result in a different picture from the real physics of the actual system. Numerical studies of dense contaminant plumes from tsunami or storm surge like events and the aquifer cleansing times has not been performed in great detail and so knowledge of variable density plume behavior remains incomplete and this will be addressed in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 explains the different case studies carried out afterwards the Dec, 2004 tsunami to observe and enhance the knowledge on the effect of tsunami on groundwater. Chapter 8 is dedicated to present the technologies and activities that can serve as possible candidates for remediation the saltwater pollution in the aquifers as well as to provide drinking water to the public. Several different techniques have become increasingly popular after the South Asian tsunami incident and this chapter will present those technologies and methods, their strengths and weaknesses as well as cost considerations. Finally, guidelines for use of wells plus drinking water will be given in here.
Author: Meththika Vithnage Publisher: Springer ISBN: 9783642288500 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 150
Book Description
The goal of this monograph is to disseminate a fundamental understanding of the physical processes of saltwater contamination of shallow sandy aquifers due to an event like December 2004 tsunami or a storm surge event like Hurricane Katrina in the United States in 2005. The main objectives of this book are, 1. Describe the processes occurring in the unstable phenomena associated with tsunami contamination and its nature 2. Disseminate knowledge on parameters which influence saltwater plume migration, use of field experiments, physical experiments and computational modeling, 3. Provide guidelines for mitigation of such contamination and water use after such incident
Author: Publisher: UNEP/Earthprint ISBN: 9789280725650 Category : History Languages : en Pages : 148
Book Description
The earthquake and tsunami of 26 December 2004 devastated coastal communities in 12 countries in the Indian Ocean region, with Aceh Province, Sumatra, Indonesia the hardest hit. This report sets out the findings of the UNEP Asian Tsunami Disaster Task Force, set up to help national environmental authorities in the affected countries with their assessment and response to the environmental impact of the disaster. It summarises the interim findings from ongoing assessments in Indonesia, the Maldives, the Seychelles, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Yemen, including evidence of environmental concerns that require immediate action. The short term clean-up programme must be coupled with policy development and strengthened institutions, and the recovery agenda will require the clean-up of contamination hotspots, and rehabilitation of critical livelihoods and ecosystems.
Author: Ruth Patrick Publisher: University of Pennsylvania Press ISBN: 9780812212563 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 544
Book Description
Groundwater Contamination in the United States provides a comprehensive overview of the groundwater problem, including a detailed discussion of the nature of groundwater, the aquifers that hold it, and the processes of its contamination. It also assesses the extent and nature of contamination across the United States and its effects on public health.
Author: Chester D. Rail Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1482278936 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 187
Book Description
Fully updated and expanded into two volumes, the new edition of Groundwater Contamination explains in a comprehensive way the sources for groundwater contamination, the regulations governing it, and the technologies for abating it. Volume 1 covers all major contaminants and explains the hydrology and data used to determine the extent of pollution. Volume 2 discusses aquifer management, including technologies to control and stabilize multiple influxes into the water table. Among the many new features of this edition are a full discussion of risk assessment, the preparation of groundwater protection plans, and references linking the text to over 2,300 water-related Web sites.
Author: Y.A. Kontar Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9400772696 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 472
Book Description
This book is a collective effort by world experts, bringing together assorted contributions presented during the Ocean Science Session OS-017, of the AOGS-AGU Joint Assembly held in Singapore in 2012 (the Asia Tsunami and Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami events). The chapters cover assessment, evaluation, forecast and lessons learned as well as environmental and societal impacts of the latest tsunamis that occurred in the Indian Ocean in 2004 and the Pacific Ocean in Japan 2011. The book is aimed at experts, scientists and decision makers seeking recent updated information, knowledge and experiences to better understand, quantify, forecast and protect coastal water resources, ecosystems, communities and human settlements which are often affected by tsunamis.
Author: Robert E. Pitt Publisher: Taylor & Francis ISBN: 1351443984 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 240
Book Description
Groundwater Contamination from Stormwater Infiltration examines topics such as urban runoff, constituents of concern, treatment, combined sewage characteristics, relative contributions of urban runoff flow phase, salts and dissolved minerals, treatment before discharge, outfall pretreatment, and local pretreatment.
Author: Chester D. Rail Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 9781566768979 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 198
Book Description
Fully updated and expanded into two volumes, the new edition of Groundwater Contamination explains in a comprehensive way the sources for groundwater contamination, the regulations governing it, and the technologies for abating it. This volume discusses aquifer management and strategies for stormwater control and groundwater restoration. A number of case histories on site analysis and remediation based on DOE and state documents are included. Among the many new features of this edition are a full discussion of risk assessment, the preparation of groundwater protection plans, and references linking the text to over 2,300 water-related Web sites.
Author: Domy C. Adriano Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1000162265 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 546
Book Description
International experts have contributed key chapters to this major work on groundwater contamination. Section 1: Methodology and Modeling deals with both organic and inorganic contaminants, including those from agricultural operations. Section 2: Case Studies presents contamination scenarios with both inorganic and organic chemicals including agriculturally-related constituents, such as the nitrates. This important new publication is a welcome addition to the literature and will enhance recent information on methodology, modeling and real-world situations. It is of interest to scientists and planners in local and national government; environmental chemists, geochemists, geologists, and health and safety officers; river authorities; hydrologists; and the mining and land reclamation industries.