Author: Joseph Jankovic
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323709923
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 244
Book Description
In collaboration with Consulting Editor, Randolph W. Evans, Dr. Joseph Jankovic has put together an issue of Neurologic Clinics devoted to Treatment of Movement Disorders. Topics include, but are not limited to, Clinical Rating Scales and Quantitative Assessments of Movement Disorders, Pharmacologic Treatment of Motor Symptoms Associated with Parkinson's Disease, Treatment of Non-Motor Symptoms Associated with Parkinson's Disease, Surgical Treatment of Parkinson's Disease, Emerging Medical and Surgical Treatments of Essential Tremor, Medical and Surgical Treatments of Dystonia, Medical and Surgical Treatments of Tourette Syndrome, Medical, Genetic and Surgical Treatments of Huntington Disease, Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia, Medical and Surgical Treatments of Cerebral Palsy, Treatment of Wilson Disease, Treatment of Paroxysmal Dyskinesias, Treatment of Ataxia, and Treatment of Functional (Psychogenic) Movement Disorders.
Treatment of Movement Disorders, An Issue of Neurologic Clinics
Author: Joseph Jankovic
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323709923
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 244
Book Description
In collaboration with Consulting Editor, Randolph W. Evans, Dr. Joseph Jankovic has put together an issue of Neurologic Clinics devoted to Treatment of Movement Disorders. Topics include, but are not limited to, Clinical Rating Scales and Quantitative Assessments of Movement Disorders, Pharmacologic Treatment of Motor Symptoms Associated with Parkinson's Disease, Treatment of Non-Motor Symptoms Associated with Parkinson's Disease, Surgical Treatment of Parkinson's Disease, Emerging Medical and Surgical Treatments of Essential Tremor, Medical and Surgical Treatments of Dystonia, Medical and Surgical Treatments of Tourette Syndrome, Medical, Genetic and Surgical Treatments of Huntington Disease, Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia, Medical and Surgical Treatments of Cerebral Palsy, Treatment of Wilson Disease, Treatment of Paroxysmal Dyskinesias, Treatment of Ataxia, and Treatment of Functional (Psychogenic) Movement Disorders.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323709923
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 244
Book Description
In collaboration with Consulting Editor, Randolph W. Evans, Dr. Joseph Jankovic has put together an issue of Neurologic Clinics devoted to Treatment of Movement Disorders. Topics include, but are not limited to, Clinical Rating Scales and Quantitative Assessments of Movement Disorders, Pharmacologic Treatment of Motor Symptoms Associated with Parkinson's Disease, Treatment of Non-Motor Symptoms Associated with Parkinson's Disease, Surgical Treatment of Parkinson's Disease, Emerging Medical and Surgical Treatments of Essential Tremor, Medical and Surgical Treatments of Dystonia, Medical and Surgical Treatments of Tourette Syndrome, Medical, Genetic and Surgical Treatments of Huntington Disease, Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia, Medical and Surgical Treatments of Cerebral Palsy, Treatment of Wilson Disease, Treatment of Paroxysmal Dyskinesias, Treatment of Ataxia, and Treatment of Functional (Psychogenic) Movement Disorders.
Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders
Author: Charles H. Adler
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1592594107
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 474
Book Description
The field of movement disorders is relatively broad, encompassing disorders of increased movement, such as tremors, dystonia, and tics, to disorders characterized by a paucity of movement, such as Parkinson's disease. Our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms and our treatment options are expanding at a rapid pace. This expansion ranges from the medical and surgical advances in treating Parkinson's disease to the flood of genetic abnormalities that have now been found to cause various movement disorders. Although many patients are seen by the movement disorders specialist in neurology clinics around the country, most of these patients receive their followup care from a primary care physician or "general" neurologist who must be versed in the character istics and treatment plans of this diverse group of disorders. The major goal of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines for the Practicing Physician is to distill this immense amount of information and to educate the practitioner about the many facets of the movement disorders field. We believe that this book fills a large void, since most texts on movement disorders are more detailed and geared toward the specialist. We have asked the chapter authors to emphasize the clinical characteristics of each disorder, discuss the differential diagnosis and the diagnostic testing, and then outline the various treatment options, as if they were teaching during a preceptorship in their clinic.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1592594107
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 474
Book Description
The field of movement disorders is relatively broad, encompassing disorders of increased movement, such as tremors, dystonia, and tics, to disorders characterized by a paucity of movement, such as Parkinson's disease. Our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms and our treatment options are expanding at a rapid pace. This expansion ranges from the medical and surgical advances in treating Parkinson's disease to the flood of genetic abnormalities that have now been found to cause various movement disorders. Although many patients are seen by the movement disorders specialist in neurology clinics around the country, most of these patients receive their followup care from a primary care physician or "general" neurologist who must be versed in the character istics and treatment plans of this diverse group of disorders. The major goal of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines for the Practicing Physician is to distill this immense amount of information and to educate the practitioner about the many facets of the movement disorders field. We believe that this book fills a large void, since most texts on movement disorders are more detailed and geared toward the specialist. We have asked the chapter authors to emphasize the clinical characteristics of each disorder, discuss the differential diagnosis and the diagnostic testing, and then outline the various treatment options, as if they were teaching during a preceptorship in their clinic.
Movement Disorders in Neurologic and Systemic Disease
Author: Werner Poewe
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139867628
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 475
Book Description
Movement disorders - ranging from parkinsonism to a variety of hyperkinetic disorders, such as tremors, dystonic, chorea and myoclonus - can be the presenting or a prominent clinical feature in a broad spectrum of systemic conditions such as endocrine and metabolic disorders, autoimmune diseases, infections, intoxications, tumors and pareneoplastic syndromes, stroke and multiple sclerosis. The resulting clinical scenarios can be confusing and difficult to interpret by internists, generalists and neurologists. Movement Disorders in Neurologic and Systemic Disease provides comprehensive coverage of the most common movement disorders seen in systemic and general neurologic disease, as well as differential diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms. The chapters are written by internationally recognized experts and more than 50 illustrative videos highlight the phenomenology of some of the movement disorders and provide a useful 'bed-side' diagnostic tool. This book is a valuable resource for neurologists, physiatrists, psychiatrists, internists, primary care physicians and trainees in medicine and neurology.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139867628
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 475
Book Description
Movement disorders - ranging from parkinsonism to a variety of hyperkinetic disorders, such as tremors, dystonic, chorea and myoclonus - can be the presenting or a prominent clinical feature in a broad spectrum of systemic conditions such as endocrine and metabolic disorders, autoimmune diseases, infections, intoxications, tumors and pareneoplastic syndromes, stroke and multiple sclerosis. The resulting clinical scenarios can be confusing and difficult to interpret by internists, generalists and neurologists. Movement Disorders in Neurologic and Systemic Disease provides comprehensive coverage of the most common movement disorders seen in systemic and general neurologic disease, as well as differential diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms. The chapters are written by internationally recognized experts and more than 50 illustrative videos highlight the phenomenology of some of the movement disorders and provide a useful 'bed-side' diagnostic tool. This book is a valuable resource for neurologists, physiatrists, psychiatrists, internists, primary care physicians and trainees in medicine and neurology.
Principles and Practice of Movement Disorders E-Book
Author: Joseph Jankovic
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 1437737706
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 557
Book Description
Principles and Practice of Movement Disorders provides the complete, expert guidance you need to diagnose and manage these challenging conditions. Drs. Stanley Fahn, Joseph Jankovic and Mark Hallett explore all facets of these disorders, including the latest rating scales for clinical research, neurochemistry, clinical pharmacology, genetics, clinical trials, and experimental therapeutics. This edition features many new full-color images, additional coverage of pediatric disorders, updated Parkinson information, and many other valuable updates. An accompanying Expert Consult website makes the content fully searchable and contains several hundred video clips that illustrate the manifestations of all the movement disorders in the book along with their differential diagnoses. Get just the information you need for a clinical approach to diagnosis and management, with minimal emphasis on basic science. Find the answers you need quickly and easily thanks to a reader-friendly full-color format, with plentiful diagrams, photographs, and tables. Apply the latest advances to diagnosis and treatment of pediatric movement disorders, Parkinson disease, and much more. View the characteristic presentation of each disorder with a complete collection of professional-quality, narrated videos online. Better visualize every concept with new full-color illustrations throughout. Search the complete text online, follow links to PubMed abstracts, and download all of the illustrations, at www.expertconsult.com.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 1437737706
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 557
Book Description
Principles and Practice of Movement Disorders provides the complete, expert guidance you need to diagnose and manage these challenging conditions. Drs. Stanley Fahn, Joseph Jankovic and Mark Hallett explore all facets of these disorders, including the latest rating scales for clinical research, neurochemistry, clinical pharmacology, genetics, clinical trials, and experimental therapeutics. This edition features many new full-color images, additional coverage of pediatric disorders, updated Parkinson information, and many other valuable updates. An accompanying Expert Consult website makes the content fully searchable and contains several hundred video clips that illustrate the manifestations of all the movement disorders in the book along with their differential diagnoses. Get just the information you need for a clinical approach to diagnosis and management, with minimal emphasis on basic science. Find the answers you need quickly and easily thanks to a reader-friendly full-color format, with plentiful diagrams, photographs, and tables. Apply the latest advances to diagnosis and treatment of pediatric movement disorders, Parkinson disease, and much more. View the characteristic presentation of each disorder with a complete collection of professional-quality, narrated videos online. Better visualize every concept with new full-color illustrations throughout. Search the complete text online, follow links to PubMed abstracts, and download all of the illustrations, at www.expertconsult.com.
Movement Disorder Emergencies
Author: Steven J. Frucht
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1592599028
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 250
Book Description
Movement Disorder Emergencies: Diagnosis and Treatment provides a fresh and unique approach to what is already a high-profile subspecialty area in clinical neurology. The disorders covered in this volume are standard fare in the field but emphasize the urgencies and emergencies that can occur. One of the very attractive features of the field of movement disorders is that diagnosis is often based on unique visible and sometimes audible phenomenological symptoms and signs. Therefore, in this era of highly sophisticated laboratory and radiological diagnostic tools, the diagnosis of many movement disorders is still largely made in the clinic where pattern recognition is key. Crucial to astute clinical diagnosis is broad clinical experience. In short, you have to have seen one to recognize one! Patients with movement disorders nearly always present as outpatients but, as aptly recognized by Drs. Frucht and Fahn, this may include acute manifestations leading to emergency presentations, often in an emergency room setting, where they are very likely to be unrecognized and therefore poorly managed. The authors define an “emergency” movement disorder as one in which failure to promptly diagnose and treat may result in significant morbidity or mortality. However, they also stress the importance of certain “can’t miss” diagnoses such as Wilson’s disease, dopa-responsive dystonia, and Whipple’s disease in which delayed diagnosis in less emergent situations can lead to slowly evolving and often irreversible neurological damage with tragic consequences.
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1592599028
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 250
Book Description
Movement Disorder Emergencies: Diagnosis and Treatment provides a fresh and unique approach to what is already a high-profile subspecialty area in clinical neurology. The disorders covered in this volume are standard fare in the field but emphasize the urgencies and emergencies that can occur. One of the very attractive features of the field of movement disorders is that diagnosis is often based on unique visible and sometimes audible phenomenological symptoms and signs. Therefore, in this era of highly sophisticated laboratory and radiological diagnostic tools, the diagnosis of many movement disorders is still largely made in the clinic where pattern recognition is key. Crucial to astute clinical diagnosis is broad clinical experience. In short, you have to have seen one to recognize one! Patients with movement disorders nearly always present as outpatients but, as aptly recognized by Drs. Frucht and Fahn, this may include acute manifestations leading to emergency presentations, often in an emergency room setting, where they are very likely to be unrecognized and therefore poorly managed. The authors define an “emergency” movement disorder as one in which failure to promptly diagnose and treat may result in significant morbidity or mortality. However, they also stress the importance of certain “can’t miss” diagnoses such as Wilson’s disease, dopa-responsive dystonia, and Whipple’s disease in which delayed diagnosis in less emergent situations can lead to slowly evolving and often irreversible neurological damage with tragic consequences.
Psychogenic Movement Disorders
Author: Mark Hallett
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN: 9780781796279
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 388
Book Description
This groundbreaking volume is the first text devoted to psychogenic movement disorders. Co-published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins and the American Academy of Neurology, the book contains the highlights of an international, multidisciplinary conference on these disorders and features contributions from leading neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, physiatrists, and basic scientists. Major sections discuss the phenomenology of psychogenic movement disorders from both the neurologist's and the psychiatrist's viewpoint. Subsequent sections examine recent findings on pathophysiology and describe current diagnostic techniques and therapies. Also included are abstracts of 16 seminal free communications presented at the conference.
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN: 9780781796279
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 388
Book Description
This groundbreaking volume is the first text devoted to psychogenic movement disorders. Co-published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins and the American Academy of Neurology, the book contains the highlights of an international, multidisciplinary conference on these disorders and features contributions from leading neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, physiatrists, and basic scientists. Major sections discuss the phenomenology of psychogenic movement disorders from both the neurologist's and the psychiatrist's viewpoint. Subsequent sections examine recent findings on pathophysiology and describe current diagnostic techniques and therapies. Also included are abstracts of 16 seminal free communications presented at the conference.
Functional Neurologic Disorders
Author:
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128018496
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 684
Book Description
Functional Neurologic Disorders, the latest volume in the Handbook of Clinical Neurology series, summarizes state-of-the-art research findings and clinical practice on this class of disorders at the interface between neurology and psychiatry. This 51-chapter volume offers an historical introduction, chapters on epidemiology and pathophysiolology, a large section on the clinical features of different type of functional neurologic symptoms and disorders (including functional movement disorders, non-epileptic seizures, dizziness, vision, hearing, speech and cognitive symptoms), and then concluding with approaches to therapy. This group of internationally acclaimed experts in neurology, psychiatry, and neuroscience represent a broad spectrum of areas of expertise, chosen for their ability to write clearly and concisely with an eye toward a clinical audience. This HCN volume sets a new landmark standard for a comprehensive, multi-authored work dealing with functional neurologic disorders (also described as psychogenic, dissociative or conversion disorders). - Offers a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach for the care of patients with functional disorders seen in neurologic practice, leading to more efficient prevention, management, and treatment - Provides a synthesis of research efforts incorporating clinical, brain imaging and neurophysiological studies - Fills an existing gap between traditional neurology and traditional psychiatry - Contents include coverage of history, epidemiology, clinical presentations, and therapy - Edited work with chapters authored by leaders in the field, the broadest, most expert coverage available
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128018496
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 684
Book Description
Functional Neurologic Disorders, the latest volume in the Handbook of Clinical Neurology series, summarizes state-of-the-art research findings and clinical practice on this class of disorders at the interface between neurology and psychiatry. This 51-chapter volume offers an historical introduction, chapters on epidemiology and pathophysiolology, a large section on the clinical features of different type of functional neurologic symptoms and disorders (including functional movement disorders, non-epileptic seizures, dizziness, vision, hearing, speech and cognitive symptoms), and then concluding with approaches to therapy. This group of internationally acclaimed experts in neurology, psychiatry, and neuroscience represent a broad spectrum of areas of expertise, chosen for their ability to write clearly and concisely with an eye toward a clinical audience. This HCN volume sets a new landmark standard for a comprehensive, multi-authored work dealing with functional neurologic disorders (also described as psychogenic, dissociative or conversion disorders). - Offers a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach for the care of patients with functional disorders seen in neurologic practice, leading to more efficient prevention, management, and treatment - Provides a synthesis of research efforts incorporating clinical, brain imaging and neurophysiological studies - Fills an existing gap between traditional neurology and traditional psychiatry - Contents include coverage of history, epidemiology, clinical presentations, and therapy - Edited work with chapters authored by leaders in the field, the broadest, most expert coverage available
Movement Disorders, An Issue of Neurologic Clinics
Author: Joseph Jankovic
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323354645
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 337
Book Description
The daily life impact of movement disorders on people affected ranges from the inconvenient to major quality of life issues, depending upon the disorder and its progression. Topics in this issue of Neurologic Clinics address: Pathogenic Nechanisms of Neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s Disease; Treatment Strategies in Early and Advanced Parkinson’s Disease; Atypical Parkinsonism; Medical and Surgical Treatment of Tremors; Diagnosis and Treatment of Dystonia; Huntington’s Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment; Tics and Tourette Syndrome; Paroxysmal Movement Disorders; Drug-induced Movement Disorders; Wilson Disease and other Neurodegenerations with Metal Accumulations; Psychogenic Movement Disorders; Ataxia; Gait Disorders; and Movement Disorders in Systemic Diseases. Videos are planned for the majority of the presentations and each article presents an Overview, Imaging, Pathology, and Diagnostic Dilemmas. The editor of this issue of Neurologic Clinics, Dr. Joseph Jankovic, is well known as expert in the pathophysiology, diganosis, and management of movement disorders - he has served as president of the international Movement Disorder Society and is recipient of numerous research awards related to these disorders. Dr Jankovic has involved world renown experts as authors in this publication.
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 0323354645
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 337
Book Description
The daily life impact of movement disorders on people affected ranges from the inconvenient to major quality of life issues, depending upon the disorder and its progression. Topics in this issue of Neurologic Clinics address: Pathogenic Nechanisms of Neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s Disease; Treatment Strategies in Early and Advanced Parkinson’s Disease; Atypical Parkinsonism; Medical and Surgical Treatment of Tremors; Diagnosis and Treatment of Dystonia; Huntington’s Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment; Tics and Tourette Syndrome; Paroxysmal Movement Disorders; Drug-induced Movement Disorders; Wilson Disease and other Neurodegenerations with Metal Accumulations; Psychogenic Movement Disorders; Ataxia; Gait Disorders; and Movement Disorders in Systemic Diseases. Videos are planned for the majority of the presentations and each article presents an Overview, Imaging, Pathology, and Diagnostic Dilemmas. The editor of this issue of Neurologic Clinics, Dr. Joseph Jankovic, is well known as expert in the pathophysiology, diganosis, and management of movement disorders - he has served as president of the international Movement Disorder Society and is recipient of numerous research awards related to these disorders. Dr Jankovic has involved world renown experts as authors in this publication.
Movement Disorders in Childhood
Author: Harvey S. Singer
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0124115802
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 601
Book Description
Movement Disorders in Childhood, Second Edition, provides the most up-to-date information on the diseases and disorders that affect motor control, an important area of specialization within child neurology. Over the past several decades, advances in genetics, neuroimaging, neurophysiology, and other areas of neuroscience have provided new understanding of the underlying etiologies and mechanisms of these conditions as well as new opportunities for more accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. This new edition builds upon the success of the first edition, with comprehensive scientific and clinical updates of all chapters. In addition, there are new chapters on hereditary spastic paraplegia, quantitative motor assessments, autoimmune disorders, and movement disorders in the developmental neuropsychiatric disorders ADHD, OCD, and autism. Additional materials are provided on the latest in drug treatments, computer based strategies for genetic diagnosis, and helpful videos for phenomenology. - Provides the only current reference specifically focused on childhood movement disorders - Investigates the underlying etiologies and mechanisms of these disorders - Completely revised and updated with new materials and a more disease-oriented approach - New coverage of genetics and movement disorders, immunology and movement disorders, and an introduction to the latest quantitative analysis - New videos of instructive and unusual childhood movement disorders - 2016 BMA Medical Book Awards Highly Commended in Neurology
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0124115802
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 601
Book Description
Movement Disorders in Childhood, Second Edition, provides the most up-to-date information on the diseases and disorders that affect motor control, an important area of specialization within child neurology. Over the past several decades, advances in genetics, neuroimaging, neurophysiology, and other areas of neuroscience have provided new understanding of the underlying etiologies and mechanisms of these conditions as well as new opportunities for more accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. This new edition builds upon the success of the first edition, with comprehensive scientific and clinical updates of all chapters. In addition, there are new chapters on hereditary spastic paraplegia, quantitative motor assessments, autoimmune disorders, and movement disorders in the developmental neuropsychiatric disorders ADHD, OCD, and autism. Additional materials are provided on the latest in drug treatments, computer based strategies for genetic diagnosis, and helpful videos for phenomenology. - Provides the only current reference specifically focused on childhood movement disorders - Investigates the underlying etiologies and mechanisms of these disorders - Completely revised and updated with new materials and a more disease-oriented approach - New coverage of genetics and movement disorders, immunology and movement disorders, and an introduction to the latest quantitative analysis - New videos of instructive and unusual childhood movement disorders - 2016 BMA Medical Book Awards Highly Commended in Neurology
Neuropathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases
Author: Gabor G. Kovacs
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1316337650
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 320
Book Description
This practical guide to the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases discusses modern molecular techniques, morphological classification, fundamentals of clinical symptomology, diagnostic pitfalls and immunostaining protocols. It is based on the proteinopathy concept of neurodegenerative disease, which has influenced classification and provides new strategies for therapy. Numerous high-quality images, including histopathology photomicrographs and neuroradiology scans, accompany the description of morphologic alterations and interpretation of immunoreactivities. Diagnostic methods and criteria are placed within recent developments in neuropathology, including the now widespread application of immunohistochemistry. To aid daily practice, the guide includes diagnostic algorithms and offers personal insights from experienced experts in the field. Special focus is given to the way brain tissue should be handled during diagnosis. This is a must-have reference for medical specialists and specialist medical trainees in the fields of pathology, neuropathology and neurology working with neuropathologic features of neurodegenerative diseases.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1316337650
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 320
Book Description
This practical guide to the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases discusses modern molecular techniques, morphological classification, fundamentals of clinical symptomology, diagnostic pitfalls and immunostaining protocols. It is based on the proteinopathy concept of neurodegenerative disease, which has influenced classification and provides new strategies for therapy. Numerous high-quality images, including histopathology photomicrographs and neuroradiology scans, accompany the description of morphologic alterations and interpretation of immunoreactivities. Diagnostic methods and criteria are placed within recent developments in neuropathology, including the now widespread application of immunohistochemistry. To aid daily practice, the guide includes diagnostic algorithms and offers personal insights from experienced experts in the field. Special focus is given to the way brain tissue should be handled during diagnosis. This is a must-have reference for medical specialists and specialist medical trainees in the fields of pathology, neuropathology and neurology working with neuropathologic features of neurodegenerative diseases.