Transmission Characteristics of Triticum Mosaic Virus by the Wheat Curl Mite Aceria Tosichella Keifer and Ecology of the Wheat-mite-virus Complex on Field Corn PDF Download
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Author: Elliot Andrew Knoell Publisher: ISBN: Category : Corn Languages : en Pages : 114
Book Description
The wheat curl mite (WCM), Aceria tosichella Keifer, is an economically important pest of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Great Plains of North America due to its ability to transmit three viruses: Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV), and High Plains wheat mosaic virus (HPWMoV). WCM is the only known vector of these plant viruses, making up the wheat-mite-virus complex. TriMV was recently discovered in 2006, but the transmission characteristics are largely unknown. A study was designed to characterize TriMV acquisition and retention periods for the WCM. For TriMV acquisition, nymphs were placed on TriMV infected wheat and allowed to feed for various time increments. After the allowed feeding time, single mites were then transferred to a series of test plants. For TriMV retention, TriMV-viruliferous adults were transferred to barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv), a host for the mites and non-host for TriMV, and held for 1 to 12 days. Single mites were then transferred to wheat test plants. Results show that WCM can acquire TriMV within an hour, but poor transmission resulted. Transmission increased with increased acquisition time and peaked after 16 hours. WCM adults can retain TriMV for up to 4 days with a steady transmission rate. Management of this complex relies on the control of the over-summering alternative hosts known as the green bridge. Corn (Zea mays L.) has been documented as an alternate green-bridge host for the wheat-mite-virus-complex, but much of the literature is 30-50 years old; therefore, a field study was conducted to evaluate the ecology of WCM on reproductive stage corn and the mite's ability to carry viruses through corn and back to wheat. Corn was manually infested with viruliferous mites of different virus combinations. Results indicate that reproductive stage field corn can support populations of viruliferous WCM, and mites moving off corn are able to carry WSMV and HPWMoV from corn to wheat. TriMV was found to be transmitted at low levels. This study provides a better understanding of corn as a potential green bridge host where corn and winter wheat seasons overlap.
Author: Elliot Andrew Knoell Publisher: ISBN: Category : Corn Languages : en Pages : 114
Book Description
The wheat curl mite (WCM), Aceria tosichella Keifer, is an economically important pest of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Great Plains of North America due to its ability to transmit three viruses: Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV), and High Plains wheat mosaic virus (HPWMoV). WCM is the only known vector of these plant viruses, making up the wheat-mite-virus complex. TriMV was recently discovered in 2006, but the transmission characteristics are largely unknown. A study was designed to characterize TriMV acquisition and retention periods for the WCM. For TriMV acquisition, nymphs were placed on TriMV infected wheat and allowed to feed for various time increments. After the allowed feeding time, single mites were then transferred to a series of test plants. For TriMV retention, TriMV-viruliferous adults were transferred to barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv), a host for the mites and non-host for TriMV, and held for 1 to 12 days. Single mites were then transferred to wheat test plants. Results show that WCM can acquire TriMV within an hour, but poor transmission resulted. Transmission increased with increased acquisition time and peaked after 16 hours. WCM adults can retain TriMV for up to 4 days with a steady transmission rate. Management of this complex relies on the control of the over-summering alternative hosts known as the green bridge. Corn (Zea mays L.) has been documented as an alternate green-bridge host for the wheat-mite-virus-complex, but much of the literature is 30-50 years old; therefore, a field study was conducted to evaluate the ecology of WCM on reproductive stage corn and the mite's ability to carry viruses through corn and back to wheat. Corn was manually infested with viruliferous mites of different virus combinations. Results indicate that reproductive stage field corn can support populations of viruliferous WCM, and mites moving off corn are able to carry WSMV and HPWMoV from corn to wheat. TriMV was found to be transmitted at low levels. This study provides a better understanding of corn as a potential green bridge host where corn and winter wheat seasons overlap.
Author: Camila F. de Oliveira Publisher: ISBN: Category : Wheat Languages : en Pages : 82
Book Description
The wheat curl mite (WCM), Aceria tosichella Keifer, transmits a complex of viruses, Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV) and Wheat mosaic virus (WMoV), to wheat, Triticum aestivum, in the Great Plains. Co-infection of wheat by these viruses is frequently observed, increasing disease severity and yield loss. Current genetic work classifies WCM populations into two genotypes, Type 1 and Type 2. It has been shown that different mite genotypes are able to transmit viruses at varying rates. WCM-virus relations are very specific and can impact vector biology. In this study, the primary objective was to determine if co-infection of wheat by WSMV+ TriMV has an impact on each virus transmission rate by the WCM Type 1 and Type 2. An additional objective was to establish the impact of double viral infections on the biology of the mites and virus dispersal in the field. Using a series of transmission studies, it was determined that Type 1 WCMs do not transmit TriMV even in the presence of WSMV. Type 2 WCMs feeding on wheat infected with both viruses, have reduced WSMV transmission when compared to mites feeding on singly inoculated plants. However, TriMV transmission is increased when mites feed on wheat infected by both viruses. Mite counts from the field indicated that mites feeding on WSMV infected plants had the highest populations, followed by the control, WSMV+TriMV and TriMV. In field conditions, WSMV incidence was reduced when Type 2 WCM were exposed to source plants with WSMV+TriMV. TriMV incidence was not different between mites feeding on single or double infected plants. These findings enhance the understanding of WCM virus complex epidemiology.
Author: Lindsay M. Overmyer Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 100
Book Description
The wheat curl mite (Aceria tosichella Keifer) (WCM) is a vector of three plant viruses to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) including: Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV), and High Plains wheat mosaic virus. This wheat-mitevirus complex causes significant yield loss in winter wheat across the Great Plains. Management of WCM host plants during the time between wheat harvest and planting of the new wheat crop (the green bridge) is critical in reducing potential risk and loss from this complex. The primary green bridge host, in the central Great Plains, is volunteer wheat. If volunteer wheat is not managed (via herbicide or tillage application), it can serve as a host in which mite populations can build up and later be dispersed by the wind into neighboring wheat fields, causing virus spread. Because population dynamics in vegetative volunteer wheat is not well understood, two studies were designed to focus on WCM population buildup and dispersal (subsequent virus spread). Differential mite populations were established in both studies by using viruses and/or virus resistant wheat varieties due to their impact on mite reproduction rates. Mite reproduction is negatively impacted by TriMV and positively by WSMV. 'Mace', a virus resistant variety, was used to maintain plant condition and derive elevated mite populations. Virus symptoms were monitored by measuring plant relative chlorophyll content. In a greenhouse study, mite-infested wheat was placed in wind tunnels every 7-10 days to evaluate mite dispersal from virus-infected wheat. A field study was also conducted in which mite dispersal (i.e. virus spread) was monitored around a single infested plant in a plot. Results indicated that mite density was the primary factor determining the extent of mite dispersal and virus spread. In addition, temperature impacted the extent of mite population build up and virus spread. Both studies will aid in the development of more accurate predictive risk models of virus risk and contribute to improved management of this wheat-mite-virus complex.
Author: Tran Kim Ngan Luong Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Wheat curl mite (WCM) (Aceria tosichella Keifer) is a major pest of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), being the only known vector of three damaging plant viruses, Wheat streak mosaic virus, Triticum mosaic virus, and High Plains wheat mosaic virus. This wheat-mite-virus complex causes significant yield loss globally. Management has been mostly through cultural practices to reduce mite build up in volunteer wheat, thereby reducing the spread of viruses. Host plant resistance to WCM has also been used as an important management strategy for this wheat-mite-virus complex. However, WCM is a cryptic species complex, resulting in great variability in WCM responses to resistance genes in wheat. Also, the stability of WCM resistance has been questioned because of previous adaptation to one mite resistance gene (Cmc3). Changes in virulence of mite populations were examined after field selection and long-term (i.e., 6-8 months and 12 months) exposure to different mite-resistant wheat varieties TAM 107 (Cmc3), TAM 112 (Cmc3+Cmc4) and Byrd (Cmc4). Mite populations were allowed to go through multiple generations on resistant varieties to estimate their adaptation potential. Mite population counts and leaf curling symptoms were evaluated after short (14 days) and extended (28 days) mite infestation to estimate the stability of antibiosis and tolerance traits. Results indicate that the effectiveness of antibiosis on WCM populations was reduced with long-term mite exposure to TAM 112 but not for Byrd. This adaptation to the resistance in TAM 112 was only evident for the 12-month colony at the extended 28-day test period. In contrast, plant tolerance remained stable and effective throughout the 12-month colony period. The transcriptome-level responses of wheat to continued mite feeding and exposure of subsequent mite generations to plant defenses were examined. Results indicate potential mechanisms of resistance for Byrd containing the Cmc4 gene. Action of phytohormones, combined with lipid signaling and membrane integrity appear to play a role in response to WCM after 10-day-post-infestation (dpi). A higher number of molecular functions are activated at 10 dpi compared to previous work done at 1 dpi for this resistant variety. In addition, the importance of the genes located in the sub-genome D of the wheat in response to mite feeding is identified.
Author: Luaay Kahtan Khalaf Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The wheat curl mite, Aceria tosichella (Keifer), is an important global pest of bread wheat, Triticum aestivum L. Chronic and often severe reductions of winter wheat yield due to A. tosichella infestations have occurred in North America and all other wheat-production areas for over five decades. Moreover, A. tosichella is the only vector which transmits the three most important wheat viruses in the Great Plains, which are Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus (WSMV), the most economically important wheat virus in North America; Triticum Mosaic Virus (TriMV) and High Plains Wheat Mosaic Virus (HPWMoV). Mite infestation alone causes stunted, chlorotic plants in susceptible wheat varieties. To date, mite resistant wheat cultivars have been the only sufficient method to control A. tosichella. The discovery of new genes for A. tosichella resistance and their introgression into wheat cultivars are essential steps to combat the development of new and/or different A. tosichella biotypes which can develop to overcome resistance genes. Both A. tosichella biotype 1 and 2 exist in U. S. Great Plains wheat producing areas. Elucidating and predicting A. tosichella population composition changes based on climatic and geographic variables is a key to continued effective mite management. Experiments were conducted to: 1) assess A. tosichella virulence in mites collected from 25 sample sites in six states to wheat plants harboring the Cmc2, Cmc3 and Cmc4 mite resistance genes and the Wsm2 WSMV resistance gene in 2014 and 2015, and determine the distribution of WSMV, TriMV and HPWMoV present in mites collected; 2) assess A. tosichella biotype composition using internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) polymorphisms; 3) use generalized additive modeling to capture the spatio-temporal factors contributing to the prevalence of A. tosichella biotypes 1 and 2; and 4) screen Kansas advanced breeding lines for resistance to A. tosichella biotypes 1 and 2. Results indicated that A. tosichella collected from 92% of the sample area were virulent to susceptible Jagger wheat plants with no Cmc resistance genes; that mites from 36% of the sample area were virulent to the Cmc2 gene, and that mites collected from 24% of sample area were virulent to Cmc3. Mite populations from only 8% of the sample sites exhibited virulence to plants containing Cmc4 + Wsm2 or Cmc4. The WSMV virus was predominant and present in 76% of all mites sampled. HPWMoV and TriMV were less apparent and present in 16% and 8% of all mites sampled, respectively. These results will enable breeders to increase the efficiency of wheat production by releasing wheat varieties containing A. tosichella resistance genes that contribute to reducing virus transmission. Results of spatio-temporal factor modeling provide new, more accurate information about the use of ground-cover and precipitation as key predictors of biotype prevalence and ratio. Experiments to determine if Kansas State University advanced breeding lines contain A. tosichella resistance found no resistance to biotype 1, resistance to biotype 2 in breeding lines AYN3-37 and AYN3-34; and moderate resistance to biotype 2 in breeding lines AYN2-28 and AYN2-36. The demonstrated correlation between reduced A. tosichella population size and avirulence; characterization and prediction of the A. tosichella biotype composition; and the identification of new sources of A. tosichella resistance in wheat can help entomologists and wheat breeders increase wheat production efficiency by releasing additional wheat cultivars containing A. tosichella resistance genes.
Author: Anthony Justin McMechan Publisher: ISBN: 9781339977577 Category : Languages : en Pages : 254
Book Description
A study was designed to evaluate pre-harvest germination potential of winter wheat by collecting heads at 7-9 day intervals beginning at the water-ripe stage until wheat harvest. In addition, risk categories were established based on the speed of germination because field germination will be limited by moisture availability. A second study was conducted in the field to evaluate the impact of environmental conditions on pre-harvest germination. Results indicate that risk for pre-harvest germination begins at the late milk stage with increasingly greater risk for germination up to harvest. In addition, risk for germination is highly dependent on available moisture following hail events.
Author: Elliot Andrew Knoell
Author: Elliot Andrew Knoell
Author: Anthony J. McMechan
Author: Camila F. de Oliveira
Author: Lindsay M. Overmyer
Author: Tran Kim Ngan Luong
Author: Benjawan Siriwetwiwat
Author: Luaay Kahtan Khalaf
Author: 
Author: Anthony Justin McMechan
Author: Christopher William Brey