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Author: Hui Chang Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 171
Book Description
The phase transformations and microstructure evolutions has been characterized for different thermal treatments, and the relationships between final microstrures and properties have been investigated in the new metastable Ti-B19 alloy. The isothermal phase transformation kinetics and the influence of different heat treatment phaths have been establisheb by using in-situ electrical Resistivity. The structures have been determined by synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction and the microstructures were observed by SEM and TEM. The results show that phase transformation kinetics and microstructure characteristics are strongly dependent on the aging temperature (ranging from 300 to 700°C). The global isothermal phase transformation phase transformation kinetics has been got and anallyzed with JMAK equation, and the TTT diagram of Ti-B19 alloy has been established. We have also shown that the heating rate has remarkable influence on the isothermal phase transformation behaviors and the pre-deformation accelerates the transformation kinetics. The microstructure evolutions during cooling are obviously dependent on the cooling rates. A first attempt has been made to calculate the transformation kinetics during cooling using JMAK law and Scheil principle. Finally, the relationship between mechanical properties and microstructure has been discussed.
Author: Hui Chang Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 171
Book Description
The phase transformations and microstructure evolutions has been characterized for different thermal treatments, and the relationships between final microstrures and properties have been investigated in the new metastable Ti-B19 alloy. The isothermal phase transformation kinetics and the influence of different heat treatment phaths have been establisheb by using in-situ electrical Resistivity. The structures have been determined by synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction and the microstructures were observed by SEM and TEM. The results show that phase transformation kinetics and microstructure characteristics are strongly dependent on the aging temperature (ranging from 300 to 700°C). The global isothermal phase transformation phase transformation kinetics has been got and anallyzed with JMAK equation, and the TTT diagram of Ti-B19 alloy has been established. We have also shown that the heating rate has remarkable influence on the isothermal phase transformation behaviors and the pre-deformation accelerates the transformation kinetics. The microstructure evolutions during cooling are obviously dependent on the cooling rates. A first attempt has been made to calculate the transformation kinetics during cooling using JMAK law and Scheil principle. Finally, the relationship between mechanical properties and microstructure has been discussed.
Book Description
L'un des objectifs de cette thèse a été de définir un alliage de titane bêta qui présente une bonne adéquation entre limite élastique et ductilité. Aussi les paramètres qu'il faut maitriser pour obtenir les caractéristiques mécaniques recherchées sont la composition et la taille de grain. Les caractéristiques mécaniques de ces alliages sont influencées par les mécanismes de déformation (glissement, maclage, et transformations de phases induites sous contrainte). Ces mécanismes dépendent de la composition chimique et donc de la stabilité de la phase bêta. Les alliages métastables qui se déforment par maclage présentent un allongement important et une limite d'élasticité basse. Les alliages stables qui se déforment par glissement ont par contre un allongement faible et une limite d'élasticité élevée. L'alliage idéal devrait donc, au début de la déformation, se déformer par glissement, puis ensuite par maclage. Pour deux compositions particulières, l'une de référence (Ti-20v) et l'autre proche de la composition souhaitée (Ti-20v-5Al), nous avons effectué des traitements thermomécaniques pour obtenir des tailles de grains différentes. L'influence des microstructures sur les mécanismes de déformation a été analysée. Pendant la déformation plastique, l'alliage Ti-20v se déforme par maclage de type 332 113. De plus, la phase s (phase induite sous contrainte) et du glissement, essentiellement de type 110 111, apparaissent lors de la déformation. Le maclage intervient dès le début de la déformation dans tous les cas sauf lorsque la taille de grain est inférieure à 40 microns. Dans ce cas, sa participation est réduite. Le maclage apparait d'autant plus facilement que la vitesse de déformation est grande et que la taille de grain est importante. La modélisation de l'évolution de texture lors du laminage permet de reproduire l'évolution expérimentale qui fait apparaitre différentes composantes majeures. La présence de ces composantes est due à la participation majoritaire du glissement 110 111. Pour l'alliage Ti-20v-5Al en statique, le mécanisme de déformation actif est le glissement. Dans les premiers pour cent de la déformation, seul un plan est activé. En utilisant un modèle de plasticité, nous avons pu reproduire l'évolution de texture expérimentale lors du laminage et obtenir les composantes majeures de la texture seulement en utilisant majoritairement du glissement 112 111. La comparaison entre les différents alliages a permis de déterminer l'alliage et la microstructure dont les caractéristiques mécaniques seront optimisées. Les raisons de ce choix sont discutées a la lumière des résultats des études microstructurales et de la modélisation du comportement.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 6
Book Description
Titanium alloys are used in a wide variety of high performance applications and hence the processing of the titanium and the resulting microstructures after additive manufacturing has received significant attention. During additive manufacturing the processing route involves the transition from a liquid to solid state. The addition of successive layers results in a complex microstructure due to solid-state transformations. The current study focuses on understanding the phase transformations and relate it to the transformation texture in Ti-6Al-4V to identify conditions leading to a strong alpha transformation texture. The as deposited builds were characterized using optical microscopy and electron backscattered diffraction. The results showed columnar prior [beta] grains with a martensitic structure after the deposition of a single layer. On subsequent depositions the martensitic microstructure decomposes to a colony and basketweave microstructure with a stronger transformation texture. The alpha texture with a colony and basketweave microstructure shows a stronger transformation texture as a result of variant selection. Thus by controlling the cooling rate of the build from the [beta] transus it is possible to control the alpha transformation texture.
Author: Soumya Nag Publisher: ISBN: Category : Nucleation Languages : en Pages : 282
Book Description
Abstract: Microstructural evolution in Beta Titanium alloys is an important factor that governs the properties exhibited by them. Intricate understanding of complex phase transformations in these alloys is vital to tailor their microstructures and in turn their properties to our advantage. One such important subject of study is the nucleation and growth of alpha precipitates triggered by the compositional instabilities in the beta matrix, instilled in them during non equilibrium heat treatments. The present work is an effort to investigate such a phenomenon. Here studies have been conducted primarily on two different Beta-Titanium alloys of commercial relevance- Ti5553 (Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr-0.5Fe), an alloy used in the aerospace industry for landing gear applications and, TNZT (Ti-35Nb-7Zr-5Ta), a potential load bearing orthopedic implant alloy. Apart from the effect of thermal treatment on these alloys, the focus of this work is to study the interplay between different alpha and beta stabilizers present in them. For this, advanced nano-scale characterization tools such as High Resolution STEM, High Resolution TEM, EFTEM and 3D Atom Probe have been used to determine the structure, distribution and composition of the non equilibrium instabilities such as beta phase separation and omega phase, and also to investigate the subsequent nucleation of stable alpha. Thus in this work, very early stages of phase separation via spinodal decomposition and second phase nucleation in titanium alloys are successfully probed at an atomic resolution. For the first time, atomically resolved HRSTEM Z-contrast image is recorded showing modulated structures within the as-quenched beta matrix. Also in the same condition HRTEM results showed the presence of nanoscale alpha regions. These studies are revalidated by conventional selected area diffraction and 3D atom probe reconstruction results. Also TEM dark field and selected area diffraction studies are conducted to understand the effect of quenching and subsequent aging of omega precipitates. Using 3D atom probe tomography, the elemental partitioning involved in coarsening of omega is investigated in detail. Finally by performing a series of well planned heat treatments, an effort is made to reason out the influence of these instabilities on the morphology, volume fraction and nucleation site of alpha.
Book Description
L'ETUDE PORTE SUR LES TRANSFORMATIONS DE PHASES DANS TROIS ALLIAGES DE TITANE: LE TI-6.2.4.6 (ALLIAGE +), LE -CEZ ET LE TI-10.2.3 (ALLIAGES -METASTABLES). LES MEMES METHODES EXPERIMENTALES ONT ETE EMPLOYEES POUR LES TROIS ALLIAGES. LE SUIVI DES CINETIQUES DE PRECIPITATION A ETE REALISE PAR DILATOMETRIE ET PAR MESURES CONTINUES DE LA RESISTIVITE ELECTRIQUE. LES MORPHOLOGIES DES PRODUITS DE TRANSFORMATION DE LA PHASE (, '', ) ONT ETE OBSERVEES PAR MICROSCOPIE OPTIQUE (MO), MICROSCOPIE ELECTRONIQUE A BALAYAGE (MEB) ET MICROSCOPIE ELECTRONIQUE A TRANSMISSION (MET). DES ESSAIS DE DIFFRACTION DES RAYONS X (RX) ONT ETE MENES POUR IDENTIFIER ET SI POSSIBLE QUANTIFIER LES PHASES. L'ETUDE COMPAREE DES TRANSFORMATIONS ISOTHERMES ET ANISOTHERMES DES TROIS ALLIAGES APRES MISE EN SOLUTION DANS LE DOMAINE A PERMIS DE TRACER LES DIAGRAMMES TTT ET TRC CORRESPONDANTS ET DE FAIRE RESSORTIR L'INFLUENCE DES ELEMENTS D'ADDITION SUR LE DECALAGE DES COURBES. POUR LE -CEZ, UNE ETUDE DES TRANSFORMATIONS ISOTHERMES APRES MISE EN SOLUTION DANS LE DOMAINE + A ETE MENEE EN COMPLEMENT DE FACON A METTRE EN EVIDENCE L'INFLUENCE DE LA TEMPERATURE DE MISE EN SOLUTION. FINALEMENT, DES MODELES MORPHOLOGIQUES ONT ETE PROPOSES EN FONCTION DES PARAMETRES DE TRAITEMENT THERMIQUE POUR CETTE CLASSE D'ALLIAGES
Author: P. Reichert Publisher: IWA Publishing ISBN: 9781900222822 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 150
Book Description
This Scientific and Technical Report (STR) presents the findings of the IWA Task Group on River Water Quality Modelling (RWQM). The task group was formed to create a scientific and technical base from which to formulate standardized, consistent river water quality models and guidelines for their implementation. This STR presents the first outcome in this effort: River Water Quality Model No. 1 (RWQM1). As background to the development of River Water Quality Model No.1, the Task Group completed a critical evaluation of the current state of the practice in water quality modelling. A major limitation in model formulation is the continued reliance on BOD as the primary state variable, despite the fact BOD does not include all biodegradable matter. A related difficulty is the poor representation of benthic flux terms. As a result of these limitations, it is impossible to close mass balances completely in most existing models. These various limitations in current river water quality models impair their predictive ability in situations of marked changes in a river's pollutant load, streamflow, morphometry, or other basic characteristics. RWQM 1 is intended to serve as a framework for river water quality models that overcome these deficiencies in traditional water quality models and most particularly the failure to close mass balances between the water column and sediment. To these ends, the model incorporates fundamental water quality components and processes to characterise carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus (C, O, N, and P) cycling instead of biochemical oxygen demand as used in traditional models. The model is presented in terms of process and components represented via a 'Petersen stoichiometry matrix', the same approach used for the IWA Activated Sludge Models. The full RWQM1 includes 24 components and 30 processes. The report provides detailed examples on reducing the numbers of components and processes to fit specific water quality problems. Thus, the model provides a framework for both complicated and simplified models. Detailed explanations of the model components, process equations, stoichiometric parameters, and kinetic parameters are provided, as are example parameter values and two case studies. The STR is intended to launch a participatory process of model development, application, and refinement. RWQM1 provides a framework for this process, but the goal of the Task Group is to involve water quality professionals worldwide in the continued work developing a new water quality modelling approach. This text will be an invaluable reference for researchers and graduate students specializing in water resources, hydrology, water quality, or environmental modelling in departments of environmental engineering, natural resources, civil engineering, chemical engineering, environmental sciences, and ecology. Water resources engineers, water quality engineers and technical specialists in environmental consultancy, government agencies or regulated industries will also value this critical assessment of the state of practice in water quality modelling. Key Features presents a unique new technical approach to river water quality modelling provides a detailed technical presentation of the RWQM1 water quality process model gives an informative critical evaluation of the state of the practice in water quality modelling, and problems with those practices provides a step by step procedure to develop a water quality model Scientific & Technical Report No. 12
Author: Marie-colette Van Lieshout Publisher: World Scientific ISBN: 1783262508 Category : Mathematics Languages : en Pages : 185
Book Description
These days, an increasing amount of information can be obtained in graphical forms, such as weather maps, soil samples, locations of nests in a breeding colony, microscopical slices, satellite images, radar or medical scans and X-ray techniques. “High level” image analysis is concerned with the global interpretation of images, attempting to reduce it to a compact description of the salient features of the scene.This book takes a stochastic approach. It studies Markov object processes, showing that they form a flexible class of models for a range of problems involving the interpretation of spatial data. Applications can be found in statistical physics (under the name of “Gibbs processes”), environmental mapping of diseases, forestry, identification of ore structure in materials science, signal analysis, object recognition, robot vision, and interpretation of images from medical scans or confocal microscopy.
Author: Hui Chang
Author: Hui Chang
Author: Angela-Maria Nicotra-Barbe
Author: R. Molinier
Author: B. Hockeid
Author: 
Author: Soumya Nag
Author: STEPHANIE.. BEIN
Author: P. Reichert
Author: Marie-colette Van Lieshout