Transcriptional Regulation of Intestinal Stem Cell Lineage in Drosophila PDF Download

Author: Qing Lan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 131

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Author: Gary Hime
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400766211
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 370

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Book Description
This volume describes the latest findings on transcriptional and translational regulation of stem cells. Both transcriptional activators and repressors have been shown to be crucial for the maintenance of the stem cell state. A key element of stem cell maintenance is repression of differentiation factors or developmental genes – achieved transcriptionally, epigenetically by the Polycomb complex, and post-transcriptionally by RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs. This volume takes two approaches to this topic – (1) illustrating the general principles outlined above through a series of different stem cell examples – embryonic, iPS and adult stem cells, and (2) describing several molecular families that have been shown to have roles in regulation of multiple stem cell populations.

Author: Reina Aoki
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 156

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Book Description
The intestinal epithelium is one of the most rapidly self-renewing tissues in the body and thus the ideal tissue for studying somatic progenitor and stem cell biology. The intestinal epithelium is composed of a single layer of cells that contains four major differentiated cell types as well as intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and progenitor cells that replenish differentiated cells throughout life. However, the molecular mechanisms that govern the self-renewal and differentiation of ISCs are only partially understood. Previously, one of the terminally differentiated epithelial cell types, the Paneth cells, were proposed to be the ISC "niche." However, subsequent studies have found ablation of Paneth cells in mice showed no effect on either stem cell maintenance or proliferation. I have analyzed the poorly understood mesenchymal contribution to epithelial stem cell maintenance and homeostasis by generating Foxl1-hDTR transgenic mice, in which the human diphtheria toxin receptor (hDTR ) is placed under the control of the Foxl1 promoter. Foxl1 is exclusively expressed in the subepithelial mesenchyme of the adult gastrointestinal tract. Ablation of Foxl1+ mesenchymal cells resulted in severe weight loss and disruption of epithelial architecture and a dramatic reduction in proliferation of both epithelial stem and transit-amplifying progenitor cells. I found that these effects are caused by the loss of activated Wnt/[beta]-catenin signaling signaling in the epithelium. Taken together, I have identified a novel mesenchymal ISC niche that supports both proliferation and maintenance of stem cells possibly through providing important Wnt ligands.

Author: Dane Cheasley
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Intestines
Languages : en
Pages : 558

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Author: Sromana Mukherjee
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Adaptation (Physiology)
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Adult organisms respond to environmental fluctuations by undergoing reversible changes in tissue morphology, cell numbers, and gene expression profiles. However, the mechanisms governing these dynamic changes in tissue behavior is not well understood. The Drosophila intestine is an excellent model for studying these adaptive responses because it is maintained by a pool of adult stem cells that are highly flexible and can adjust their numbers based on tissue demand. Previous studies have identified that post-transcriptional gene regulatory mechanisms are particularly important for maintaining stem cell behavior during adaptive responses. However, the role of microRNAs, one of the most crucial post-transcriptional gene regulators, has remained unexplored in these adult intestinal stem cell lineages. My thesis work was initiated by profiling microRNAs that are enriched in the intestinal tissue relative to the rest of the animal. I identified two highly enriched microRNAs-miR-958 and miR-956 both of which are crucial for ensuring different aspects of tissue homeostasis. In the first part of my thesis, I found that miR-958 is tissue specific and regulates intestinal stem cell (ISC) numbers both during homeostasis and in response to stress. In order to adapt to stress, miR-958 is transiently downregulated in a class of differentiated cells called enterocytes (ECs). This eventually leads to elevated expression of cabut, a positive modulator of BMP signaling, to promote expansion of the stem cell population non-cell autonomously. In the next part of my thesis, I found that the second intestinally enriched microRNA-miR-956-- mainly acts in an ISC intermediate daughter cell type called enteroblasts (EB) to regulate EB-to-EC differentiation. I also showed that miR-956 executes this function by regulating a downstream target insensitive, an antagonist of Notch signaling. In summary, my thesis work identified novel microRNA-based circuits that regulate both stem cell number as well as the onset of differentiation in the adult intestinal stem cell lineage.

Author:
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 9780128134818
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 150

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Book Description
Advances in Stem Cells and Their Niches addresses stem cells during development, homeostasis, and disease/injury of the respective organs, presenting new developments in the field, including new data on disease and clinical applications. Video content illustrates such areas as protocols, transplantation techniques, and work with mice. Explores not only reviews of research, but also shares methods, protocols, and transplantation techniques Contains video content to illustrate such areas as protocols, transplantation techniques, and work with mice Each volume concentrates on one organ, making this a unique publication

Author: Ishara Surangi Ariyapala
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Adult stem cells
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Book Description
The adult Drosophila intestinal epithelium hosts a heterogenous cell population including a pool of actively proliferating stem cells known as intestinal stem cells (ISCs), intermediate daughter cell type enteroblasts (EBs) and two differentiated cell types, enterocytes (ECs) and enteroendocrine cells (ee). Being able to adapt to rapid environmental changes through tightly controlled programs of cell proliferation and differentiation, the adult intestine serves as an excellent model system to study stem cell mediated tissue homeostasis. The underlying molecular mechanisms that mediate stem cell proliferation, differentiation and maintenance are poorly understood, in part because of a lack of available tools to spatially manipulate gene expression in this tissue. Previous work from our lab has shown that RNA Binding Protein (RBP) mediated post transcriptional gene regulatory mechanisms in the cytoplasm are key to maintain stem cell functions and behaviors. My work aimed to investigate nuclear RBP mediated post transcriptional gene regulatory mechanisms in intestinal progenitors (ISCs and EBs) and generate genetic tools to manipulate gene expression based on intestinal cell type and regional identities.

Author: Michael Buszczak
Publisher: Humana
ISBN: 9781493940158
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Book Description
This second edition provides updated and new chapters on selected genetic, molecular, biochemical, and cell biological techniques. Chapter’s guide readers through methods and principles on primordial germ cells and germline stem cells, however many of these principles can be applied to different types of adult stem cells. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Germline Stem Cells: Second Edition aims to present the new findings and techniques that have developed since the first edition.

Author: Steven X. Hou
Publisher: Humana Press
ISBN: 9781617378805
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Book Description
In this comprehensive and cutting-edge book, leading experts explore the parameters that define germline stem cells and the mechanisms that regulate the cell behavior in order to better isolate, characterize and maintain them. The volume begins by providing protocols for germline stem cell identification and regulation in model organisms, and concludes with detailed chapters covering current techniques involving in vitro culture and the applications of the cells.

Author: Torben Heick Jensen
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1441978410
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 161

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Book Description
The diversity of RNAs inside living cells is amazing. We have known of the more “classic” RNA species: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNA and snoRNA for some time now, but in a steady stream new types of molecules are being described as it is becoming clear that most of the genomic information of cells ends up in RNA. To deal with the enormous load of resulting RNA processing and degradation reactions, cells need adequate and efficient molecular machines. The RNA exosome is arising as a major facilitator to this effect. Structural and functional data gathered over the last decade have illustrated the biochemical importance of this multimeric complex and its many co-factors, revealing its enormous regulatory power. By gathering some of the most prominent researchers in the exosome field, it is the aim of this volume to introduce this fascinating protein complex as well as to give a timely and rich account of its many functions. The exosome was discovered more than a decade ago by Phil Mitchell and David Tollervey by its ability to trim the 3’end of yeast, S. cerevisiae, 5. 8S rRNA. In a historic account they laid out the events surrounding this identification and the subsequent birth of the research field. In the chapter by Kurt Januszyk and Christopher Lima the structural organization of eukaryotic exosomes and their evolutionary counterparts in bacteria and archaea are discussed in large part through presentation of structures.