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Author: Kristi Bear Publisher: ISBN: 9781369353365 Category : Languages : en Pages : 84
Book Description
Incomplete understanding of phosphorus (P) forms and their recalcitrance under imposed environments coupled with methodological limitations to track P sources are obstacles preventing accurate assessment of nutrient loads released to open waters. In this thesis research, the East Creek Watershed in Crisfield, MD, an agricultural runoff dominated watershed, was selected to understand the fate and stability of P from various sources during transport from East Creek to the Chesapeake Bay. To achieve this, P concentrations and phosphate oxygen isotope ratios were compared between sequentially extracted Hedley P pools from potential sources and suspended particulate matter. A transect study from an agricultural field to a drainage ditch was also conducted to identify potential P release pathways. Transect study results suggested soil erosion is a plausible P source to ditch sediments after crop harvest, although dissolved P was the prominent P form in the ditch water column during summer algal blooms which drive sedimentary P release. Comparative analyses of P pools in suspended particulate matter in creek water suggest that particulate P is primarily carried in loosely sorbed and Fe/Al oxide-bound forms. Isotope results suggest loosely sorbed P is bioavailable whereas Fe/Al oxide-bound P and Ca-P precipitates were not accessed by microbes during particulate P transport through the creek. Agricultural field soil, streambank material, and sediments were important sources of legacy P, although mechanism of P release and contribution differed among them. These findings improve understanding on sources and fate of particulate P and are expected to be useful for nutrient management in soils and waterways.
Author: Kristi Bear Publisher: ISBN: 9781369353365 Category : Languages : en Pages : 84
Book Description
Incomplete understanding of phosphorus (P) forms and their recalcitrance under imposed environments coupled with methodological limitations to track P sources are obstacles preventing accurate assessment of nutrient loads released to open waters. In this thesis research, the East Creek Watershed in Crisfield, MD, an agricultural runoff dominated watershed, was selected to understand the fate and stability of P from various sources during transport from East Creek to the Chesapeake Bay. To achieve this, P concentrations and phosphate oxygen isotope ratios were compared between sequentially extracted Hedley P pools from potential sources and suspended particulate matter. A transect study from an agricultural field to a drainage ditch was also conducted to identify potential P release pathways. Transect study results suggested soil erosion is a plausible P source to ditch sediments after crop harvest, although dissolved P was the prominent P form in the ditch water column during summer algal blooms which drive sedimentary P release. Comparative analyses of P pools in suspended particulate matter in creek water suggest that particulate P is primarily carried in loosely sorbed and Fe/Al oxide-bound forms. Isotope results suggest loosely sorbed P is bioavailable whereas Fe/Al oxide-bound P and Ca-P precipitates were not accessed by microbes during particulate P transport through the creek. Agricultural field soil, streambank material, and sediments were important sources of legacy P, although mechanism of P release and contribution differed among them. These findings improve understanding on sources and fate of particulate P and are expected to be useful for nutrient management in soils and waterways.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309069483 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 422
Book Description
Environmental problems in coastal ecosystems can sometimes be attributed to excess nutrients flowing from upstream watersheds into estuarine settings. This nutrient over-enrichment can result in toxic algal blooms, shellfish poisoning, coral reef destruction, and other harmful outcomes. All U.S. coasts show signs of nutrient over-enrichment, and scientists predict worsening problems in the years ahead. Clean Coastal Waters explains technical aspects of nutrient over-enrichment and proposes both immediate local action by coastal managers and a longer-term national strategy incorporating policy design, classification of affected sites, law and regulation, coordination, and communication. Highlighting the Gulf of Mexico's "Dead Zone," the Pfiesteria outbreak in a tributary of Chesapeake Bay, and other cases, the book explains how nutrients work in the environment, why nitrogen is important, how enrichment turns into over-enrichment, and why some environments are especially susceptible. Economic as well as ecological impacts are examined. In addressing abatement strategies, the committee discusses the importance of monitoring sites, developing useful models of over-enrichment, and setting water quality goals. The book also reviews voluntary programs, mandatory controls, tax incentives, and other policy options for reducing the flow of nutrients from agricultural operations and other sources.
Author: Stefan Schmutz Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3319732501 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 562
Book Description
This open access book surveys the frontier of scientific river research and provides examples to guide management towards a sustainable future of riverine ecosystems. Principal structures and functions of the biogeosphere of rivers are explained; key threats are identified, and effective solutions for restoration and mitigation are provided. Rivers are among the most threatened ecosystems of the world. They increasingly suffer from pollution, water abstraction, river channelisation and damming. Fundamental knowledge of ecosystem structure and function is necessary to understand how human acitivities interfere with natural processes and which interventions are feasible to rectify this. Modern water legislation strives for sustainable water resource management and protection of important habitats and species. However, decision makers would benefit from more profound understanding of ecosystem degradation processes and of innovative methodologies and tools for efficient mitigation and restoration. The book provides best-practice examples of sustainable river management from on-site studies, European-wide analyses and case studies from other parts of the world. This book will be of interest to researchers in the field of aquatic ecology, river system functioning, conservation and restoration, to postgraduate students, to institutions involved in water management, and to water related industries.
Author: Claude E. Boyd Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030233359 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 440
Book Description
This volume is of great importance to humans and other living organisms. The study of water quality draws information from a variety of disciplines including chemistry, biology, mathematics, physics, engineering, and resource management. University training in water quality is often limited to specialized courses in engineering, ecology, and fisheries curricula. This book also offers a basic understanding of water quality to professionals who are not formally trained in the subject. The revised third edition updates and expands the discussion, and incorporates additional figures and illustrative problems. Improvements include a new chapter on basic chemistry, a more comprehensive chapter on hydrology, and an updated chapter on regulations and standards. Because it employs only first-year college-level chemistry and very basic physics, the book is well-suited as the foundation for a general introductory course in water quality. It is equally useful as a guide for self-study and an in-depth resource for general readers.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309172683 Category : Nature Languages : en Pages : 569
Book Description
In 1997, New York City adopted a mammoth watershed agreement to protect its drinking water and avoid filtration of its large upstate surface water supply. Shortly thereafter, the NRC began an analysis of the agreement's scientific validity. The resulting book finds New York City's watershed agreement to be a good template for proactive watershed management that, if properly implemented, will maintain high water quality. However, it cautions that the agreement is not a guarantee of permanent filtration avoidance because of changing regulations, uncertainties regarding pollution sources, advances in treatment technologies, and natural variations in watershed conditions. The book recommends that New York City place its highest priority on pathogenic microorganisms in the watershed and direct its resources toward improving methods for detecting pathogens, understanding pathogen transport and fate, and demonstrating that best management practices will remove pathogens. Other recommendations, which are broadly applicable to surface water supplies across the country, target buffer zones, stormwater management, water quality monitoring, and effluent trading.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Phosphorus Languages : en Pages : 102
Book Description
The research work contained in this report concerns the transport of total phosphorus and orthophosphorus to Lake Erie. The various calculational techniques for analyzing data obtained from Lake Erie tributaries are presented. These calculations were developed to determine the source of the phosphorus and to quantify the input to the lake. The source and quantity of phosphorus devised for Lake Erie. The first section of this report presents the basic concepts, mass balances (that applied to the water and that applied to the phosphorus), and force relationships. The second section of this report concerns the quantification of total phosphorus input to Lake Erie river basins and shortline sources. A computational method called the Flow Interval Method was devised to permit the calculaion of total phosphorus influx without measuring the total phosphorus concentration for the entire year. Another important aspect of reducing total phosphorus influx from river basins is the understanding of the transport processes in rivers. The third section of this report concerns the transport of total phosphorus during storm events. The fourth section of this report presents the derivation of the necessary equations used to calculate the distance of the travel density function form measurements of the water flow rate and the total phosphorus concentrations at a point in the stream.
Author: Roland Wollast Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3642760643 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 518
Book Description
This book is a natural extension of the SCOPE (Scientific Committee of Problems on the Environment) volumes on the carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) biogeochemical cycles and their interactions (Likens, 1981; Bolin and Cook, 1983). Substantial progress in the knowledge of these cycles has been made since publication of those volumes. In particular, the nature and extent of biological and inorganic interactions between these cycles have been identified, positive and negative feedbacks recognized and the relationship between the cycles and global environmental change preliminarily elucidated. In March 1991, a NATO Advanced Research Workshop was held for one week in Melreux, Belgium to reexamine the biogeochemical cycles of C, N, P and S on a variety of time and space scales from a holistic point of view. This book is the result of that workshop. The biogeochemical cycles of C, N, P and S are intimately tied to each other through biological productivity and subsequently to problems of global environmental change. These problems may be the most challenging facing humanity in the 21 st century. In the broadest sense, "global change" encompasses both changes to the status of the large, globally connected atmospheric, oceanic and terrestrial environments (e. g. tropospheric temperature increase) and change occurring as the result of nearly simultaneous local changes in many regions of the world (e. g. eutrophication).
Author: Kristi Bear
Author: Kristi Bear
Author: National Research Council
Author: Stefan Schmutz
Author: Claude E. Boyd
Author: David W. Litke
Author: Gayle D. Garman
Author: National Research Council
Author: 
Author: 
Author: Roland Wollast