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Author: Brenda Y. Ji Publisher: ISBN: Category : Arctic Ocean Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Oceans account for more than 25% of anthropogenic CO2 removal from the atmosphere. Changes in our global climate have affected the Arctic Ocean in particular, resulting in increasing rates of warming and record-low sea ice extent, which for example, in the summer of 2012, was only half of the average over the previous three decades. It is unclear how these changes in the Arctic Ocean may affect biological productivity, which is one of the main drivers of the oceanic carbon cycle as CO2 is consumed through photosynthesis and released through respiration. In order to investigate how these changes may influence the efficacy of the Arctic Ocean as a carbon sink, we calculated the gross oxygen production (GOP), which is the rate of total photosynthesis, and the net community production (NCP), which is the rate of photosynthesis minus community respiration and thus represents the strength of the carbon sink. The chemical gas tracers, triple oxygen isotopes and O2/Ar ratios, as measured in samples from the surface waters of the Beaufort Gyre region of the Canada Basin, were used to quantify gross oxygen production and net community production, respectively, in late summer and early fall over six years (2011-2016). We examined the effects of location, ice cover, chlorophyll-a, season, and more to better understand the collective impact of these physical conditions on biological productivity rates. Over these six years, mean GOP rates ranged from 9.1 ± 1 mmol O2 m−2 d−1 to 4 ± 4 mmol O2 m−2 d−1 and mean NCP rates ranged from 1.1 ± .2 mmol O2 m−2 d−1 to 2.5 ± .2 mmol O2 m−2 d−1. Analyzing inter-annual variations in these rates can enlighten our understanding of how dramatic changes in the global climate may impact the ability of this region in the Arctic Ocean to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Author: Brenda Y. Ji Publisher: ISBN: Category : Arctic Ocean Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Oceans account for more than 25% of anthropogenic CO2 removal from the atmosphere. Changes in our global climate have affected the Arctic Ocean in particular, resulting in increasing rates of warming and record-low sea ice extent, which for example, in the summer of 2012, was only half of the average over the previous three decades. It is unclear how these changes in the Arctic Ocean may affect biological productivity, which is one of the main drivers of the oceanic carbon cycle as CO2 is consumed through photosynthesis and released through respiration. In order to investigate how these changes may influence the efficacy of the Arctic Ocean as a carbon sink, we calculated the gross oxygen production (GOP), which is the rate of total photosynthesis, and the net community production (NCP), which is the rate of photosynthesis minus community respiration and thus represents the strength of the carbon sink. The chemical gas tracers, triple oxygen isotopes and O2/Ar ratios, as measured in samples from the surface waters of the Beaufort Gyre region of the Canada Basin, were used to quantify gross oxygen production and net community production, respectively, in late summer and early fall over six years (2011-2016). We examined the effects of location, ice cover, chlorophyll-a, season, and more to better understand the collective impact of these physical conditions on biological productivity rates. Over these six years, mean GOP rates ranged from 9.1 ± 1 mmol O2 m−2 d−1 to 4 ± 4 mmol O2 m−2 d−1 and mean NCP rates ranged from 1.1 ± .2 mmol O2 m−2 d−1 to 2.5 ± .2 mmol O2 m−2 d−1. Analyzing inter-annual variations in these rates can enlighten our understanding of how dramatic changes in the global climate may impact the ability of this region in the Arctic Ocean to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Author: Burton G. Hurdle Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1461580358 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 788
Book Description
" ... as soon as one has traversed the greater part of the wild sea, one comes upon such a huge quantity of ice that nowhere in the whole world has the like been known." "This ice is of a wonderful nature. It lies at times quite still, as one would expect, with openings or large fjords in it; but sometimes its movement is so strong and rapid as to equal that of a ship running before the wind, and it drifts against the wind as often as with it." Kongespeilet - 1250 A.D. ("The Mirror of Kings") Modern societies require increasing amounts influence on the water mass and on the resulting of scientific information about the environment total environment of the region; therefore, cer tain of its characteristics will necessarily be in whieh they live and work. For the seas this information must describe the air above the sea, included.
Author: Jon Børre Ørbaek Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3540485147 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 446
Book Description
The European Arctic and Alpine regions are experiencing large environmental changes. These changes may have socio-economic effects if the changes affect the bioproduction, which form the basis for the marine and terrestrial food chains. This uniquely multidisciplinary book presents the various aspects of contemporary environmental changes in Arctic and Alpine Regions.
Author: Paul G. Falkowski Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1489907629 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 544
Book Description
Biological processes in the oceans play a crucial role in regulating the fluxes of many important elements such as carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, phosphorus, and silicon. As we come to the end of the 20th century, oceanographers have increasingly focussed on how these elements are cycled within the ocean, the interdependencies of these cycles, and the effect of the cycle on the composition of the earth's atmosphere and climate. Many techniques and tools have been developed or adapted over the past decade to help in this effort. These include satellite sensors of upper ocean phytoplankton distributions, flow cytometry, molecular biological probes, sophisticated moored and shipboard instrumentation, and vastly increased numerical modeling capabilities. This volume is the result of the 37th Brookhaven Symposium in Biology, in which a wide spectrum of oceanographers, chemists, biologists, and modelers discussed the progress in understanding the role of primary producers in biogeochemical cycles. The symposium is dedicated to Dr. Richard W. Eppley, an intellectual giant in biological oceanography, who inspired a generation of scientists to delve into problems of understanding biogeochemical cycles in the sea. We gratefully acknowledge support from the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Science Foundation, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Electric Power Research Institute, and the Environmental Protection Agency. Special thanks to Claire Lamberti for her help in producing this volume.
Author: Molly Alyse Palmer Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
The Arctic Ocean has undergone unprecedented changes in sea ice extent and thickness in recent years, including record-setting sea ice minimums in 2007 and 2012. These changes are predicted to affect Arctic marine primary productivity (the photosynthetic fixation of carbon dioxide by tiny algae called phytoplankton) because the timing and intensity of the summer phytoplankton bloom are strongly controlled by the dynamics of sea ice and water column stabilization. Satellite-based estimates indicate that primary production in ice-free waters has increased dramatically over the last few decades as a result of the increases in open water and length of the growing season associated with the thinning ice cover. In addition, climate models predict that the Arctic will experience greater and more rapid warming than other areas of the planet over the next century, suggesting that these changes may become even more prevalent in the future. The thinning sea ice has already had a dramatic impact on regional biogeochemistry: in 2011, we observed one of the most massive phytoplankton blooms ever recorded under the sea ice in the Chukchi Sea, an area traditionally thought of as too dark and too cold for massive blooms to occur. In the Chukchi, melt-ponds on the ice surface have proliferated to an extent that, in combination with the thinning ice cover, light penetration through the ice to surface waters is now sufficient for net photosynthesis to occur. The bloom we witnessed in 2011 extended for over 100 km into the> 1 m thick ice pack, and was characterized by extraordinarily high diatom biomass and rates of production. These changes represent a marked shift in our conception of Arctic marine ecosystems and have potential global-scale implications due to feedbacks relating to sea ice albedo, global atmospheric and ocean circulation patterns, and natural greenhouse gas exchanges between the atmosphere and ocean. Chapter 1 presents an overall introduction to the Arctic and discusses the causes and consequences of this changing seasonal cycle of productivity. Chapter 2 presents results from field work performed in the Beaufort Sea in the summer of 2008 exploring the spatial and temporal variability of phytoplankton photosynthesis in the ice-associated region of the flaw-lead polynya (area of perennially open water that rings the Arctic Ocean between land-fast ice and the central Arctic ice pack; it can be used somewhat as an analog for future open-water and ice-edged based productivity). Continuing with this theme of exploring primary productivity and biogeochemical cycles in the changing Arctic, Chapter 3 details the results from photophysiological experiments performed during the summer of 2010-2011 that highlight the unique features allowing Arctic phytoplankton to reach high levels of biomass in the extreme environment under the ice. In Chapter 4, I present data from recent 1-D modeling efforts that utilize the light and nutrient-controlled responses of phytoplankton growing under the ice to explore the consequences and implications of this shifting bloom cycle on regional biogeochemical processes.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309054494 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 645
Book Description
This volume reflects the current state of scientific knowledge about natural climate variability on decade-to-century time scales. It covers a wide range of relevant subjects, including the characteristics of the atmosphere and ocean environments as well as the methods used to describe and analyze them, such as proxy data and numerical models. They clearly demonstrate the range, persistence, and magnitude of climate variability as represented by many different indicators. Not only do natural climate variations have important socioeconomic effects, but they must be better understood before possible anthropogenic effects (from greenhouse gas emissions, for instance) can be evaluated. A topical essay introduces each of the disciplines represented, providing the nonscientist with a perspective on the field and linking the papers to the larger issues in climate research. In its conclusions section, the book evaluates progress in the different areas and makes recommendations for the direction and conduct of future climate research. This book, while consisting of technical papers, is also accessible to the interested layperson.
Author: Jacqueline M. Grebmeier Publisher: Springer ISBN: 9401788634 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 461
Book Description
The Pacific Arctic region is experiencing rapid sea ice retreat, seawater warming, ocean acidification and biological response. Physical and biogeochemical modeling indicates the potential for step-function changes to the overall marine ecosystem. This synthesis book was coordinated within the Pacific Arctic Group, a network of international partners working in the Pacific Arctic. Chapter topics range from atmospheric and physical sciences to chemical processing and biological response to changing environmental conditions. Physical and biogeochemical modeling results highlight the need for data collection and interdisciplinary modeling activities to track and forecast the changing ecosystem of the Pacific Arctic with climate change.
Author: Paul Falkowski Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1468438905 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 530
Book Description
Primary productivity in the sea accounts for ~30% of the total global annual production. Holistic understanding of the factors determining marine productivity requires detailed knowl edge of algal physiology and of hydrodynamics. Traditionally studies of aquatic primary productivity have heen conducted hy workers in two major schools: experimental laboratory biology, and empirical field ecology. Here an attempt was made .to hring together people from both schools to share information and con cepts; each author was charged with reviewing his field of exoer tise. The scope of the Symposium is broad, which we feel is its strength. We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Depart ment of Energy, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, including the NMFS Northeast Fisheries Center and the MESA New York Bight Project. Thanks are due to Mrs. Margaret Dienes, with out whose editorial skills this volume could not have been pro duced, and to Mrs. Helen Kondratuk as Symposium Coordinator. Finally, we wish to record our indebtedness to Dr. Alexander Hollaender for his tireless efforts and valuable advice in sup porting all aspects of this Symposium.
Author: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 1009178466 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 1807
Book Description
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of human-induced climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. This IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate is the most comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the observed and projected changes to the ocean and cryosphere and their associated impacts and risks, with a focus on resilience, risk management response options, and adaptation measures, considering both their potential and limitations. It brings together knowledge on physical and biogeochemical changes, the interplay with ecosystem changes, and the implications for human communities. It serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Author: Brenda Y. Ji
Author: Brenda Y. Ji
Author: Burton G. Hurdle
Author: Jon Børre Ørbaek
Author: Paul G. Falkowski
Author: Molly Alyse Palmer
Author: National Research Council
Author: Per Gloersen
Author: Jacqueline M. Grebmeier
Author: Paul Falkowski
Author: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)