Topographic, Edaphic, and Stand Structural Factors Associated with Oak and Hickory Mortality and Maple and Beech Regeneration in Mature Forests of Appalachian Ohio PDF Download
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Author: Don C. Radcliffe Publisher: ISBN: Category : Forest ecology Languages : en Pages : 87
Book Description
Oak (Quercus spp.) and hickory (Carya spp.) trees are failing to replace themselves in forests of the eastern U.S., likely due to fire suppression and a moister climate during the past century. Our study explored the implications of this mesophication process for future forest composition in southeastern Ohio. In 2016-2018 we resampled permanent plots first established in 1993-1995, in mature forests of the Athens and Marietta Units of the Wayne National Forest. We used mixed logistic regression models to characterize mortality patterns of five oak and one hickory species, and generalized linear mixed models to characterize sapling density patterns of three common shade-tolerant tree species that are likely to dominate future forest composition. For both the mortality and sapling models, we chose a set of a priori topographic, edaphic, and stand structural variables, and used the full set of a priori covariates for analysis of each species. Our mortality data revealed relatively high mortality rates for all species of the red oak subgenus (Erythrobalanus). Models indicated that chestnut oak (Quercus montana) and pignut hickory (Carya glabra) mortality were positively associated with competition, while white oak (Quercus alba) mortality was negatively associated with competition. Northern red oak (Quercus rubra) mortality was associated with mesic topographic positions and older stand age. Our sapling data showed that American beech (Fagus grandifolia) nearly doubled in density between the two sampling periods (217 trees per hectare[tph] 1990s, 429 tph 2010s), while both red maple (Acer rubrum) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) nearly halved in density (red maple 441 tph 1990s, 216 tph 2010s; sugar maple 608 tph 1990s, 298 tph 2010s). Models indicated that soil acidity was positively related with red maple sapling density, and negatively associated with sugar maple sapling density. Higher slope positions were positively related with red maple sapling density and negatively associated with American beech sapling density. Overall, these results indicated that stand structural variables are more important than soil characteristics and topographic position in explaining mature tree mortality of most common oak and hickory species, and that topographic and acidity gradients will likely partially explain future relative dominance patterns of red maple, sugar maple, and American beech.
Author: Don C. Radcliffe Publisher: ISBN: Category : Forest ecology Languages : en Pages : 87
Book Description
Oak (Quercus spp.) and hickory (Carya spp.) trees are failing to replace themselves in forests of the eastern U.S., likely due to fire suppression and a moister climate during the past century. Our study explored the implications of this mesophication process for future forest composition in southeastern Ohio. In 2016-2018 we resampled permanent plots first established in 1993-1995, in mature forests of the Athens and Marietta Units of the Wayne National Forest. We used mixed logistic regression models to characterize mortality patterns of five oak and one hickory species, and generalized linear mixed models to characterize sapling density patterns of three common shade-tolerant tree species that are likely to dominate future forest composition. For both the mortality and sapling models, we chose a set of a priori topographic, edaphic, and stand structural variables, and used the full set of a priori covariates for analysis of each species. Our mortality data revealed relatively high mortality rates for all species of the red oak subgenus (Erythrobalanus). Models indicated that chestnut oak (Quercus montana) and pignut hickory (Carya glabra) mortality were positively associated with competition, while white oak (Quercus alba) mortality was negatively associated with competition. Northern red oak (Quercus rubra) mortality was associated with mesic topographic positions and older stand age. Our sapling data showed that American beech (Fagus grandifolia) nearly doubled in density between the two sampling periods (217 trees per hectare[tph] 1990s, 429 tph 2010s), while both red maple (Acer rubrum) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) nearly halved in density (red maple 441 tph 1990s, 216 tph 2010s; sugar maple 608 tph 1990s, 298 tph 2010s). Models indicated that soil acidity was positively related with red maple sapling density, and negatively associated with sugar maple sapling density. Higher slope positions were positively related with red maple sapling density and negatively associated with American beech sapling density. Overall, these results indicated that stand structural variables are more important than soil characteristics and topographic position in explaining mature tree mortality of most common oak and hickory species, and that topographic and acidity gradients will likely partially explain future relative dominance patterns of red maple, sugar maple, and American beech.
Author: Natalie Rose Pinheiro Publisher: ISBN: Category : Beech Languages : en Pages : 208
Book Description
The third portion of this study was a dendroecological analysis of the old-growth and second-growth stands to determine the differences in stand development, age structures, and disturbance histories. The pooled species age distribution was a negative exponential curve in both the old-growth stand and the second-growth stand. Sugar maple had an uneven-aged structure in the old-growth stand and second-growth stands. Release events were more common in the old-growth and gap origin events more common in the second-growth stands. The decade with the highest disturbance rate was 1920 in the old-growth stand and 1910 in the second-growth stand.
Author: Peter G. Butterfield Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
The structure and composition of forest ecosystems throughout eastern North America has been determined by historical disturbances and successional processes. The white oak group (Leucobalanus) was an important species culturally for Indigenous Peoples of eastern North America for hundreds of years and has been highly valued by European colonizers of the 18th and 19th centuries. The white oak tree (Quercus alba) is a geographically widespread species in eastern North America that has historically been a forest dominant. In addition to popular human uses, Q. alba acorns are an important resource for wildlife. Over the past century, despite being a canopy dominant, Q. alba along with other oaks have exhibited a striking lack of regeneration and recruitment into the canopy across much of its range. This regeneration failure has been associated with a dramatic increase in the importance of shade-tolerant maple species (Acer spp.). A transition from oak-to-maple dominance could have largescale effects on biodiversity, wildlife, and soil characteristics. A variety of explanations for this oak-to-maple dominance shift have been offered in the scientific literature, predominant among these is the multiple interactive drivers hypothesis that asserts historical oak dominance was created by the interaction of multiple disturbance processes. Much remains unknown about the causes of oak-to-maple dominance shift and the multiple drivers hypothesis has not been fully vetted. In this Thesis I sought to examine factors that led to formation of Q. alba dominated forests over the past century by focusing on tree-ring analysis in forests of southwestern Ohio. These forests are near the geographic center of the Q. alba range and are broadly characteristic of the ecology in oak forests of eastern North America. I examined cross section samples of Q. alba (n = 62), chestnut oak (Q. montana) (n = 2), and shagbark hickory (Carya ovata) (n = 1) trees to assess (a) long- term fire history in the site and (b) patterns of growth suppression and release that would indicate forest disturbance over the past 100 years. Fire history reconstructions had been previously accomplished. I measured tree-rings on all the samples and then applied release detection techniques designed to detect canopy disturbance that allowed light to penetrate beneath the forest canopy. I predicted (P1) that oak seedlings will have established in open conditions as evidenced by rapid growth in their first decade. Once established, these stems had hypothetically would have utilized release from shade associated with disturbances that create gaps in the canopy to advance in dominance and ultimately reach canopy status. Therefore, I predicted (P2) that oak stems would experience multiple release events prior to canopy dominance. Finally, because we know that anthropogenic fire suppression limited fires in the site after approximately 1930, I predicted (P3) a striking divergence in the two types of disturbance, with fires abruptly ending and gap dynamics occurring occasionally throughout the chronology. Evidence of high light environment establishment for oak saplings was mixed as approximately half of the samples were gap-origin (equivocal support for P1). I found strong evidence that oak trees utilized canopy gaps during canopy accession (affirming P2) as approximately 83% of stems exhibited at least one release and most stems experienced at least two release events. I also found strong evidence of a divergence in the two disturbance processes (affirming P3) as fire scars indicating historical fires occurred in the site from approximately 1880 to 1940 and then ended abruptly, while release events were consistently recorded throughout the chronology. These results support a multiple interacting disturbances framework for oak forest establishment. Specifically, I found strong evidence of historical fires during the initial establishment of the stands followed by releases that were non-fire associated during which Q. alba trees were presumably moving into the forest canopy. These results suggest that management for oak forests could use prescribed fire as a way to initiate a strong pool of oak saplings followed by individual tree or small patch cutting to add light to the forest floor and promote those saplings into a position in the canopy. Understanding long-term dynamics of oak forests is a pressing scientific concern and my data indicate that future work focusing on the interaction of disturbance processes could be a fruitful area of scientific research.
Author: Björn Berg Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3642388213 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 324
Book Description
Since the publication of the 2nd edition, there have been substantial developments in the field of litter decomposition. This fully revised and updated 3rd edition of Plant Litter reflects and discusses new findings and re-evaluates earlier ones in light of recent research and with regard to current areas of investigation. The availability of several long-term studies allows a more in-depth approach to decomposition patterns and to the later stages of decomposition, as well as to humus formation and accumulation. The latest information focuses on three fields: - the effects of manganese on decomposition and possibly on carbon sequestration, - new findings on decomposition dynamics, and - the new analytical technique using 13C-NMR.
Author: D. C. West Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1461259509 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 530
Book Description
Succession-nothing in plant, community, or ecosystem ecology has been so elaborated by terminology, so much reviewed, and yet so much the center of controversy. In a general sense, every ecologist uses the concept in teaching and research, but no two ecologists seem to have a unified concept of the details of succession. The word was used by Thoreau to describe, from a naturalist's point of view, the general changes observed during the transition of an old field to a forest. As data accumulated, a lengthy taxonomy of succession developed around early twentieth century ecologists such as Cooper, Clements, and Gleason. Now, nearer the end of the century, and after much discussion concerning the nature of vegetation communities, where do ecologists stand with respect to knowledge of ecological succession? The intent of this book is not to rehash classic philosophies of succession that have emerged through the past several decades of study, but to provide a forum for ecologists to present their current research and present-day interpretation of data. To this end, we brought together a group of scientists currently studying terrestrial plant succession, who represent research experience in a broad spectrum of different ecosystem types. The results of that meeting led to this book, which presents to the reader a unique summary of contemporary research on forest succession.
Author: Don C. Radcliffe
Author: Don C. Radcliffe
Author: 
Author: Natalie Rose Pinheiro
Author: Peter G. Butterfield
Author: Elaine Kennedy Sutherland
Author: Mary D. Davis
Author: Donald E. Beck
Author: David L. White
Author: Björn Berg
Author: D. C. West