Author: Aya SuzukiPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 306
Book Description
Three Essays on Agricultural Marketing in Developing Countries
Author: Aya SuzukiThree Essays on Agricultural Marketing
Author: Kenneth Roger WeissEssays on Agricultural Markets in Developing Countries
Author: Aakanksha MelkaniPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic dissertations
Languages : en
Pages : 231
Book Description
Robust and vibrant agricultural markets are an important component of inclusive agriculture-led economic development. Governments of developing countries play an important role in fostering an enabling environment for agricultural markets to thrive and in addressing shortcomings arising due to incomplete agricultural markets. However, excessive government involvement can also lead to inefficiencies and can further obstruct the development of agricultural markets. This dissertation focuses on various agricultural market outcomes and evaluates them in light of government interventions that potentially have a direct or indirect effect on them.The first essay investigates whether and how liquidity constraints during the production period affect smallholders' market participation and choice of marketing channel in the context of the Zambian maize market. During the period of the study, the country's parastatal marketing board 0́3 the Food Reserve Agency (FRA) 0́3 operated alongside private buyers and purchased large volumes of maize at a pan-territorial price that exceeded average market prices. Results indicate that liquidity-constrained maize-growing smallholders produced less maize output, were less likely to sell maize, and were less likely to sell to the FRA, as compared to those that did not face liquidity constraints. These results imply that benefits of market policies like those of the FRA are likely to be disproportionately captured by relatively wealthier and less resource constrained farmers.The second essay focusses on the effects of various regulations imposed on international trade and the domestic fertilizer market on fertilizer imports - an important component of domestic fertilizer supply in most developing countries. The results indicate that increased time and/or costs needed to comply with border regulations (such as clearing customs and inspections) are associated with a decline in the volume of fertilizer imported. However, fertilizer market-specific regulations are not found to be statistically significantly associated with fertilizer imports. Further investigation reveals that the border regulation-related findings hold mainly for high and middle-income countries, plausibly due to poor enforcement of formal laws and the greater importance of informal rules in the markets of low-income countries.The third essay explores whether price uncertainty (a form of price volatility) affects the price levels of maize products in urban Zambia, in light of the highly discretionary and ad-hoc government interventions in the country's maize markets. Excessive price volatility of staple food products has adverse effects on food and nutritional security of vulnerable populations and can potentially disrupt the development of resilient food markets. I conduct a Vector Autoregressive-Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic (1,1)-in-mean (VAR-GARCH(1,1)-in-mean) analysis of monthly price data for four maize products: wholesale maize grain, retail maize grain, and two types of maize flour 0́3 breakfast meal (highly refined) and roller meal (less refined). I find some weak evidence that an increase in uncertainty in wholesale maize grain prices is associated with a small increase in own prices, although this result does not hold across all specifications. Price uncertainty of other products is not found to be associated with changes in prices of own or other products. The application of VAR-GARCH(1,1)-in-mean to model prices of food products across a value chain is a methodological improvement over existing studies in this area in a developing country context.
ESSAYS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT.
Author: Yelena ShevelevaPublisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
This dissertation consists of three essays spanning the fields of international trade and economic development. In the first essay, we ask why developing countries fail to specialize in products in which they (at least potentially) have a comparative advantage? For example, farmers in land-poor developing countries overwhelmingly produce staples rather than exotic fruits that command high prices. We propose a simple model of trade and intermediation that shows how holdup resulting from poor contracting environment can produce such an outcome. We use the model to examine which polices can help ameliorate the problem, even when its cause cannot be eliminated.In the second and the third essays, we study how exporters introduce new products into the export market. In the second essay, using information on the universe of Chinese exporters to the US, we document a number of empirircal facts that discipline economists' undrstanding of dynamic aspects of multiproduct exporters. In the third essay, we estimate a structural dynamic model of multiproduct exporting.In Chapter 1, "Wheat or Strawberries? Intermediated Trade with Limited Contracting," we develop the model that provides a new explanation as to why developing countries have agricultural productivity orders of magnitude smaller than in the developing countries. We propose that due to contracting frictions agricultural producers often specialize in staples in which they have a comparative disadvantage, instead of specializing in fruits and vegetables which they can grow efficiently and which command higher prices in the export markets. While farmers can subsits on staples, farmers require services of the intermediaries to deliver cash crops to the export market. When markets are thin intermediaries hold the bulk of the bargaining power and offer a small price to the farmer for his produce. Foreseeing the hold up farmers choose to specialize in the staples.In the model, farmers can produce two types of goods: wheat and strawberries. Wheat is suitable for subsistence but farmers are inefficient in producing it. Farmers are efficient in making strawberries, but cannot subsist on it, and have to sell them to an intermediary who makes profits by selling it at the world price. In a frictionless world farmers would specialize in strawberries. Central to the model is the inability of farmers and traders to contract ex-ante on a price. The absence of enforceable contracts sets the stage for the classic hold up problem and precludes negotiating the terms of trade prior to entry into production. We use a two period model with a continuum of traders and farmers. In the first period, farmers decide whether to produce wheat or strawberries and intermediaries decide whether to enter the business of intermediation. In the second period, farmers and traders meet randomly and trade. Since meetings are random and traders do not know the number of local competitors but do know how thick the market is, they can infer the distribution of potential rivals and offer a price based on this information. In other words, traders compete for the output of farmers in the first price auction. As a result, some farmers fetch a high price for their strawberries; others fetch a low price, or even fail to meet an intermediary. Farmers make the production decision based on the expected price.We solve the model and characterize all the possible equilibria as a function of the primitive parameters. Of particular interest is the region in the parameter space that yields multiple equilibria. In the good equilibrium, specialization occurs according to comparative advantage and there is intermediation, while in the bad equilibrium, there is no intermediation and the staple is produced. Our work suggests that there may be some simple measures to ensure intermediation and specialization according to comparative advantage even if the government is not able to resolve the core issue, the underlying lack of enforceable contracts. A temporary production subsidy or a marketing board that ensures a sufficiently high minimum price to the farmer can help an economy remove the bad equilibrium without intermediation. This paper is closely related to the work of Antras and Costinot (2011). In their paper they focus on the implications of intermediation for globalization in a model that assumes that contracts between traders and producers are enforceable. In contrast we study the implications of contractual failure on production choices in a model of trade with intermediation. In Chapter 2, "Multiproduct Exporters: Empirical Regularities," we use information on Chinese exporters to the US to document a number of empirical regularities regarding dynamic multiproduct exporter behaviour. First, we confirm that scope and firm scale are positively associated. This suggests that more productive firms select to produce more products. Furthermore we find empirical regularities that are consistent with firms facing uncertainty in the export market. We explore the conjecture that firms learn about their potential in new export products trough exporting similar products. We find only tentative support for this conjecture.In chapter 3, "Multiproduct Exporters: Learning versus Knowing," we develop and estimate a structural model of multiproduct exporters based on three empirical regularities documented using data on Chinese exporters. These regularities are as follows: (1) multi-product exporters introduce their best-selling products early; (2) more than 40% of the new products introduced by incumbent exporters are dropped due to low sales within the first year; (3) for a firm, the probability of introducing a new product is positively related to the survival and success of the earlier products.The first regularity is consistent with unobserved firm-product specific heterogeneity. The second suggests that both incumbents and new exporters face uncertainty when they introduce new products. The third is consistent with firms learning about their potential in an export market, i.e., their brand effect, as they introduce new products. We develop a model which incorporates all of these features, and we estimate it structurally using data on Chinese exporters to the U.S. in the plastics industry.First, we find that known demand shocks play an important role in whether producers enter the exporting market or not. Second, we find that it is important to account for large attrition among new exporters including uncertainty about the brand effect. When we let firms know their brand effect precisely, only those with sufficiently high brand effects enter, and then the model cannot replicate disproportionately large attrition of new products among new exporters. Third, we find that while firms act consistently with learning about their brand effect, the uncertainty that firms face in conjunction with introducing new products looms large, and limits the extent to which learning affects incentives of firms to add new products. Our counterfactuals show that the distribution of products among the high brand effect firms only marginally first order stochastically dominates the distribution for low brand effect firms.Using our model we revisit the question of trade policy in the multiproduct firm setting. We simulate a decrease in the cost of introducing new products for firms. Our simulations suggest that in the presence of economies of scope and even moderate learning effects, decreasing costs of introducing subsequent products can make a significant contribution to increasing trade flows.
A Framework for Analysis of Agricultural Marketing Systems in Developing Countries
Author: Norris Taylor PritchardPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agriculture
Languages : en
Pages : 16
Book Description
Agricultural and Food Marketing in Developing Countries
Author: Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (Ede, Netherlands)Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 436
Book Description
Marketing is defined as the business activities associated with the flow of goods and services from production to consumption. The marketing of agricultural products begins on the farm, with the planning of production, and is completed with the sale of food or other goods to consumers or manufacturers. Agricultural marketing also includes the supply to farmers of fertilizers and seeds as inputs for production. Overall, marketing is an essential component of successful agriculture but its importance is often underestimated, especially in developing countries. This book brings together the most significant writings on agricultural and food marketing as related to development over the last 40 years. The editor has selected key sections of significant books and papers, grouped them by their overall theme, and provided introductory commentaries. The book is intended for students of food and agricultural marketing in the developing countries and will also interest professionals in this subject area.
Marketing Improvement in the Developing World
Author: John Cave AbbottPublisher: Steve Parish
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 576
Book Description
Agricultural Marketing in Economic Development
Author: Pablo TorrealbaPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agriculture
Languages : en
Pages : 146
Book Description
Agricultural Marketing for Developing Countries
Author: Herman M. SouthworthPublisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agriculture
Languages : en
Pages : 231
Book Description
Author: John Cave Abbott