Threat of Convergence of Terror Groups with Transnational Criminal Organizations to Utilize Existing Smuggling Routes and Techniques to Aid the Covert Entry of Operatives Into the United States PDF Download
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Author: U. S. Military Publisher: ISBN: 9781520868387 Category : Languages : en Pages : 107
Book Description
Transnational criminal organizations (TCOs) have profited from the smuggling of contraband into the United States since its existence. Terror groups have explicitly stated their intent to target the citizens, infrastructure, and economy of the United States. This thesis examined the major TCOs operating across the borders of the United States and the capabilities they possess and utilize. This thesis also examined terror groups that have proclaimed a desire to attack the homeland. As a methodology to analyze the likelihood of terror groups converging with TCOs to exploit existing smuggling infrastructure to enter operatives into the United States, a purposive survey was delivered to a group of subject matter experts in the areas of counter-terrorism, border security, and disruption of TCOs. The majority of these subject matter experts agreed that terror groups will converge with TCOs to enter the United States. CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION * Introduction * Primary Question * Secondary Questions * Background * Assumptions * Definitions * Delimitations * CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW * TCOs * Capabilities of TCOs * Terror Groups Attacks * Inspiration * Convergence * Conclusion * CHAPTER 3 * RESEARCH METHODOLOGY * Survey Method * Delphi Method * Participants * Confidentiality * Surveys * CHAPTER 4 * ANALYSIS * Participants * Operational Environment * Summary * CHAPTER 5 * CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS * Introduction * Interpretation of Findings * Mitigation * Recommendations *Summary and Conclusions The United States has recognized the need to secure its borders since its inception. The formal history of border security in the United States can be traced to the origins of the U.S. Customs Service on September 2, 1789. Initially, the responsibilities of the U.S. Customs Service were primarily the collection of tariffs and duties as prescribed by law (U.S. Customs and Border Protection 2014a). In 1891, the United States formalized the recognized need to administer immigration inspections as well of traditional customs inspections. The 1891 Immigration Act was the impetus for the formation of the Office of the Superintendent of Immigration in the Treasury Department. This agency was charged with permitting or denying entry of immigrants into the U.S. based on their admissibility. This agency would eventually become the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). Both the INS and the U.S. Customs Service were primarily focused on traffic and enforcement at the official U.S. ports of entry. In 1924, the U.S. Border Patrol (USBP) was created as a solution to address the cross border criminal activity occurring between the official ports of entry into the United States In 1925, the purview of the USBP expanded to include the coasts of the United States as well as the contiguous borders with Mexico and Canada.
Author: U. S. Military Publisher: ISBN: 9781520868387 Category : Languages : en Pages : 107
Book Description
Transnational criminal organizations (TCOs) have profited from the smuggling of contraband into the United States since its existence. Terror groups have explicitly stated their intent to target the citizens, infrastructure, and economy of the United States. This thesis examined the major TCOs operating across the borders of the United States and the capabilities they possess and utilize. This thesis also examined terror groups that have proclaimed a desire to attack the homeland. As a methodology to analyze the likelihood of terror groups converging with TCOs to exploit existing smuggling infrastructure to enter operatives into the United States, a purposive survey was delivered to a group of subject matter experts in the areas of counter-terrorism, border security, and disruption of TCOs. The majority of these subject matter experts agreed that terror groups will converge with TCOs to enter the United States. CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION * Introduction * Primary Question * Secondary Questions * Background * Assumptions * Definitions * Delimitations * CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW * TCOs * Capabilities of TCOs * Terror Groups Attacks * Inspiration * Convergence * Conclusion * CHAPTER 3 * RESEARCH METHODOLOGY * Survey Method * Delphi Method * Participants * Confidentiality * Surveys * CHAPTER 4 * ANALYSIS * Participants * Operational Environment * Summary * CHAPTER 5 * CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS * Introduction * Interpretation of Findings * Mitigation * Recommendations *Summary and Conclusions The United States has recognized the need to secure its borders since its inception. The formal history of border security in the United States can be traced to the origins of the U.S. Customs Service on September 2, 1789. Initially, the responsibilities of the U.S. Customs Service were primarily the collection of tariffs and duties as prescribed by law (U.S. Customs and Border Protection 2014a). In 1891, the United States formalized the recognized need to administer immigration inspections as well of traditional customs inspections. The 1891 Immigration Act was the impetus for the formation of the Office of the Superintendent of Immigration in the Treasury Department. This agency was charged with permitting or denying entry of immigrants into the U.S. based on their admissibility. This agency would eventually become the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). Both the INS and the U.S. Customs Service were primarily focused on traffic and enforcement at the official U.S. ports of entry. In 1924, the U.S. Border Patrol (USBP) was created as a solution to address the cross border criminal activity occurring between the official ports of entry into the United States In 1925, the purview of the USBP expanded to include the coasts of the United States as well as the contiguous borders with Mexico and Canada.
Author: Bill McCollum Publisher: DIANE Publishing ISBN: 0756720826 Category : Languages : en Pages : 71
Book Description
Witnesses: Frank Cilluffo, senior policy analyst and deputy dir., Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS); Donnie R. Marshall, Administrator, Drug Enforcement Admin. (DEA); Steven C. McCraw, Inspector-Deputy Assistant Dir., Information, Analysis, and Assessments Branch, Investigative Div., FBI; Ralf Mutschke, assist. dir., Sub-Directorate for Crimes Against Persons and Property, INTERPOL General Secretariat, Lyon, France; Raphael Perl, Specialist in International Affairs, Congressional Research (CRS), The Library of Congress; and Michael A. Sheehan, Ambassador-at-Large and Coordinator for Counterterrorism, U.S. Dept. of State.
Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Crime Publisher: ISBN: Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 72
Author: U. S. Military Publisher: ISBN: 9781520762876 Category : Languages : en Pages : 203
Book Description
This book provides a comprehensive overview of all aspects of illicit networks and national security in the modern "globalized" world. From human trafficking in Eastern Europe to drug smuggling in East Asia, to the illicit arms trade in Africa, to terrorist cells in East Asia and insurgents in the Caucasus, transnational illicit networks have tentacles that reach everywhere. The trade in illegal narcotics is perhaps most worrisome, but of growing concern is the illicit trafficking of counterfeit items, weapons, natural resources, money, cultural property, and even people by shrewd, well-resourced, and nefarious adversaries. These networks have taken advantage of modern advances in communications and transportation to globalize. Narcotraffickers in the Andean Ridge, for instance, have expanded operations as far as their markets in the United States and Europe. Illegal arms merchants have expanded their operations around the world. Human smugglers have moved their slaves from underdeveloped countries to sex operations throughout the developed world. And, of course, we have all seen the global reach of modern transnational terrorism. No one is immune from this insidious threat. It will take a combination of initiatives to defeat the threats created by illicit criminal networks. These transnational organizations are a large part of the hybrid threat that forms the nexus of illicit drug trafficking-including routes, profits, and corruptive influences-and terrorism, both home grown as well as imported Islamic terrorism. With the latest wave of globalization allowing for even more movement of people, goods, and information, these actors have spread their tentacles wider and deeper, breaking new ground. At the same time, they have demonstrated an ability to adapt, diversify, and converge. This has allowed them to obtain vast resources and to continuously reorganize themselves to stay ahead of efforts to combat them. They have achieved a degree of globalized outreach and collaboration via networks, as well as horizontal diversification. Contents: Convergence: Illicit Networks and National Security in the Age of Globalization * Part I - A Clear and Present Danger * Chapter 1 - Deviant Globalization * Chapter 2 - Lawlessness and Disorder: An Emerging Paradigm for the 21st Century * Chapter 3 - Can We Estimate the Global Scale and Impact of Illicit Trade? * Part II - Complex Illicit Operations * Chapter 4 - The Illicit Supply Chain * Chapter 5 - Fixers, Super Fixers, and Shadow Facilitators: How Networks Connect * Chapter 6 - The Geography of Badness: Mapping the Hubs of the Illicit Global Economy * Chapter 7 - Threat Finance: A Critical Enabler for Illicit Networks * Chapter 8 - Money Laundering into Real Estate * Part III - The Attack on Sovereignty * Chapter 9 - The Criminal State * Chapter 10 - How Illicit Networks Impact Sovereignty * Chapter 11 - Counterinsurgency, Counternarcotics, and Illicit Economies in Afghanistan: Lessons for State-Building * Part IV - Fighting Back * Chapter 12 - Fighting Networks with Networks * Chapter 13 - The Department of Defense's Role in Combating Transnational Organized Crime * Chapter 14 - Collaborating to Combat Illicit Networks Through Interagency and International Efforts
Author: Kristin Michele Horitski Publisher: ISBN: Category : National security Languages : en Pages : 192
Book Description
In recent years, transnational criminal organizations (TCOs) and terrorist groups (TGs) have formed dynamic relationships, cooperating in terms of financing, material and operational support, and trafficking. The relationship between these organizations developed as they took advantage of new technologies and an increasingly globalized world. This thesis examines the convergence between TCOs and TGs and the threat they pose to the security of the United States. The first part of this thesis takes a brief look at the history and definitions of TCOs and TGs, explores the factors that influence their convergence, and the degree to which their activities and goals overlap. The second part analyzes three case studies: Los Zetas and Hezbollah, the Kurdistan Workers' Party, and Abu Sayyaf. These case studies demonstrate three levels of convergence between TCOs and TGs, and pose scenarios through which the interactions of these groups can be viewed as models that could threaten U.S. security interests. The final part of this thesis offers approaches the U.S. could pursue to have a comprehensive, global strategy to diminish the threat and impact of the convergence of TCOs and TGs, and recommends this strategy include financial, law enforcement, diplomatic and intelligence components.
Author: Kimberley L. Thachuk Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA ISBN: 1573569887 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 257
Book Description
This collection of essays demonstrates how the security of Americans is potentially threatened by individuals and governments who are engaged in the illicit trade in arms, drugs, and human beings in distant parts of the globe. More than just a threat to Americans, the essays underscore that these activities are often detrimental to the United States interests around the world due to the destabilizing impact that each activity can have on a nation or region. More revealing is how terrorists benefit from this illegal trade, generating critical sources of funding used for everything from recruiting to procurement of weapons and explosives of all types to extend and expand the scope of their struggle. The scope of this work is truly global. Fourteen essays touch on prevailing problems from the Balkans to Southeast Asia and the Pacific; from Africa to the Caribbean, and more. In each essay, the authors explore a problem that not only has direct regional repercussions, but larger international ones as well. The essays present problems that result from these illegal activities as a global epidemic, not simply regionalized problems.
Author: Douglas Farah Publisher: ISBN: Category : National security Languages : en Pages : 100
Book Description
The emergence of new hybrid (state and nonstate) transnational criminal/terrorist franchises in Latin America operating under broad state protection now pose a tier-one security threat for the United States. Similar hybrid franchise models are developing in other parts of the world, making understanding the new dynamics an important factor in a broader national security context. This threat goes well beyond the traditional nonstate theory of constraints activity such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking into the potential for trafficking related to weapons of mass destruction by designated terrorist organizations and their sponsors. These activities are carried out with the support of regional and extra regional states actors whose leadership is deeply enmeshed in criminal activity, which yields billions of dollars in illicit revenues every year. These same leaders have a publicly articulated, common doctrine of asymmetrical warfare against the United States and its allies that explicitly endorses as legitimate the use of weapons of mass destruction. The central binding element in this alliance is a hatred for the West, particularly the United States, and deep anti-Semitism, based on a shared view that the 1979 Iranian Revolution was a transformative historical event. For Islamists, it is evidence of divine favor; and for Bolivarians, a model of a successful asymmetrical strategy to defeat the "Empire." The primary architect of this theology/ideology that merges radical Islam and radical, anti-Western populism and revolutionary zeal is the convicted terrorist Ilich Sánchez Ramirez, better known as "Carlos the Jackal," whom Chávez has called a true visionary.
Author: Jennifer L. Hesterman Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1482209969 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 355
Book Description
Postmodern global terrorist groups engage sovereign nations asymmetrically with prolonged, sustained campaigns driven by ideology. Increasingly, transnational criminal organizations operate with sophistication previously only found in multinational corporations. Unfortunately, both of these entities can now effectively hide and morph, keeping law enforcement and intelligence agencies in the dark and on the run. Perhaps more disturbing is the fact that al Qaeda, Hezbollah, FARC, drug cartels, and increasingly violent gangs—as well as domestic groups such as the Sovereign Citizens—are now joining forces. Despite differing ideologies, they are threatening us in new and provocative ways. The Terrorist-Criminal Nexus: An Alliance of International Drug Cartels, Organized Crime, and Terror Groups frames this complex issue using current research and real-world examples of how these entities are sharing knowledge, training, tactics, and—in increasing frequency—joining forces. Providing policy makers, security strategists, law enforcement and intelligence agents, and students with new evidence of this growing threat, this volume: Examines current and future threats from international and domestic criminal and terror groups Identifies specific instances in which these groups are working together or in parallel to achieve their goals Discusses the "lifeblood" of modern organizations—the money trail Describes how nefarious groups leverage both traditional funding methods and e-commerce to raise, store, move, and launder money Explores the social networking phenomenon and reveals how it is the perfect clandestine platform for spying, communicating, recruiting, and spreading propaganda Investigates emergent tactics such as the use of human shields, and the targeting of first responders, schools, hospitals, and churches This text reveals the often disregarded, misunderstood, or downplayed nexus threat to the United States. Proving definitively that such liaisons exist despite differing ideologies, the book provides a thought-provoking new look at the complexity and phenomena of the terrorist-criminal nexus. This book was excerpted in the February/March 2013 issue of The Counter Terrorist.
Author: John Rollins Publisher: DIANE Publishing ISBN: 1437927564 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 56
Book Description
Contents: (1) Intro.; (2) Crime-Terrorism Partnerships and Transformations; (3) The Crime-Terrorism Toolbox; (4) Interaction of Terrorism and Crime: Dawood Ibrahim¿s D-Co.; Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia; 2004 Madrid Bombers; The Taliban; Abu Ghadiyah, Monzer Al Kassar and Viktor Bout; Hezbollah; Al Qaeda; 2005 London Bombings; Al-Shabaab; Mexico¿s La Familia, Colombia¿s Medellin, Italy¿s Mafia, and Brazil¿s Prison Gangs; (5) Selected U.S. Gov¿t. Actions Addressing the Confluence of International Terrorism and Transnat. Organized Crime; State Dept.; Treasury Dept.; Fin¿l. Crimes Enforce. Network; DoD; DoJ: IOC-2; DEA; FBI; DHS; Intell. Comm¿y.; (6) Counterterrorism: What Role for Anti-Crime?
Author: U. S. Military
Author: U. S. Military
Author: Bill McCollum
Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Crime
Author: U. S. Military
Author: Kristin Michele Horitski
Author: Kimberley L. Thachuk
Author: Douglas Farah
Author: Jennifer L. Hesterman
Author: John Rollins
Author: Nils Gilman