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Author: T. Philip Hicks Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0444894926 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 507
Book Description
This timely new volume presents broad-based and wide-ranging contributions on all aspects of vision. The material is grouped for presentation in a logical fashion in five main themes: peripheral processing; sensory integration in superior colliculus; organization of visual projections; development and plasticity; and neuronal encoding and visually guided behavior. The material spans from molecules to cognition, including overt behavior, and synaptic and membrane levels of analysis. The species studied also range over diverse phyla, while contributors too form a diverse group representing Europe, North America, and Asia. The Visually Responsive Neuron is an exciting and informative addition to the well known Progress in Brain Research series.
Author: T. Philip Hicks Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0444894926 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 507
Book Description
This timely new volume presents broad-based and wide-ranging contributions on all aspects of vision. The material is grouped for presentation in a logical fashion in five main themes: peripheral processing; sensory integration in superior colliculus; organization of visual projections; development and plasticity; and neuronal encoding and visually guided behavior. The material spans from molecules to cognition, including overt behavior, and synaptic and membrane levels of analysis. The species studied also range over diverse phyla, while contributors too form a diverse group representing Europe, North America, and Asia. The Visually Responsive Neuron is an exciting and informative addition to the well known Progress in Brain Research series.
Author: T.P. Hicks Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 0080862209 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 507
Book Description
This timely new volume presents broad-based and wide-ranging contributions on all aspects of vision. The material is grouped for presentation in a logical fashion in five main themes: peripheral processing; sensory integration in superior colliculus; organization of visual projections; development and plasticity; and neuronal encoding and visually guided behavior. The material spans from molecules to cognition, including overt behavior, and synaptic and membrane levels of analysis. The species studied also range over diverse phyla, while contributors too form a diverse group representing Europe, North America, and Asia. The Visually Responsive Neuron is an exciting and informative addition to the well known Progress in Brain Research series.
Author: H. Autrum Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3642653529 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 788
Book Description
The present volume covers the physiology of the visual system beyond the optic nerve. It is a continuation of the two preceding parts on the photochemistry and the physiology of the eye, and forms a bridge from them to the fourth part on visual psychophysics. These fields have all developed as independent speciali ties and need integrating with each other. The processing of visual information in the brain cannot be understood without some knowledge of the preceding mechanisms in the photoreceptor organs. There are two fundamental reasons, ontogenetic and functional, why this is so: 1) the retina of the vertebrate eye has developed from a specialized part of the brain; 2) in processing their data the eyes follow physiological principles similar to the visual brain centres. Peripheral and central functions should also be discussed in context with their final synthesis in subjective experience, i. e. visual perception. Microphysiology and ultramicroscopy have brought new insights into the neuronal basis of vision. These investigations began in the periphery: HARTLINE'S pioneering experiments on single visual elements of Limulus in 1932 started a successful period of neuronal recordings which ascended from the retina to the highest centres in the visual brain. In the last two decades modern electron microscopic techniques and photochemical investigations of single photoreceptors further contributed to vision research.
Author: G.A. Orban Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 3642464696 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 382
Book Description
The invitation by the editors of the series "studies of brain function" to contribute a monograph on the visual cortex gives me the opportunity to present in a concentrated manner much of the work I have done on the visual cortical areas of cat and monkey. However, the field of visual cortical physi ology is so active and so diverse that the presentation of only my own work would have given a very incomplete view of visual cortical functioning. Therefore this monograph also reviews most of the studies carried out on the subject in the last two decades. Where possible I have tried not only to describe the cortical machinery but also its possible functional purpose regarding vision. In doing this I have expressed my personal views rather than just reviewing the experimental facts. Much of the work presented in this monograph has been supported by the National Research Council of Belgium and the Research Council of the Catholic University of Leuven. I express my gratitude to them. I have en joyed collaborating in these studies with P. O. Bishop, H. Kato, H. Kennedy, K. P. Hoffmann, H. Maes, J. Duysens, E. Vandenbussche, and H. van der Glas. I am much indebted to all those who have commented on earlier versions of this monograph: J. Allman, H. Barlow, J. BuBier, M. Callens, J. Duysens, O. J. Griisser, P. Heggelund, H. Kennedy, L. C. Orban and L. Palmer.
Author: Michael Einstein Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 126
Book Description
The brain is constantly bombarded with sensory stimuli. In order to process and perceive such diverse information streams simultaneously, the brain prioritizes information relevant to an animal's current behavioral needs. In this thesis, I investigate the neural mechanisms that enable the brain to increase or decrease visual signals depending on an animal's behavioral state. In chapter 1, I illustrate a novel mechanism, 3-5 Hz membrane potential (Vm) oscillations, that decreases the responsiveness of neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) of mice. Using 2-photon guided whole-cell recordings as mice passive viewed and actively engaged drifting sine-wave gratings, I discovered that these visually-evoked phenomena were not influenced by changes in arousal or animal movement, but their timing was influenced by an animal's behavioral state. In addition to uncovering a novel mechanism for reducing the responsiveness of neurons in the brain, this chapter substantially furthers the field's knowledge of how behavior and arousal affect the membrane potential of neurons in the cerebral cortex. In chapter 2, I develop a method to train animals how to perform a visual attention task. I describe the hardware and software tools used to actuate the task and the method used to train the animals. Using the method outlined in this chapter, I was able to routinely train animals to perform a multimodal attention task with approximately one month of training. In chapter 3, I employed this new attention model and, using 2-photon guided whole-cell recordings in behaving animals, I discovered that attention boosts the depolarization associated with visual stimulation in layer 2/3 V1 neurons, illustrating a potential mechanism that causes neurons to be more responsive to visual cues during attention. Finally, using 128 channel silicon nanoprobes chronically implanted in V1, I verified that the attention task increased the responsiveness of V1 neurons and desynchronized the local network in mice, replicating results previously obtained in non-human primate models and setting the groundwork for future study. As a result, my thesis details novel neural mechanisms for enhancing or dampening visual signals and expands our knowledge of how the brain prioritizes information according to an animal's behavioral context.
Author: National Academy of Sciences Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309045290 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 195
Book Description
The brain ... There is no other part of the human anatomy that is so intriguing. How does it develop and function and why does it sometimes, tragically, degenerate? The answers are complex. In Discovering the Brain, science writer Sandra Ackerman cuts through the complexity to bring this vital topic to the public. The 1990s were declared the "Decade of the Brain" by former President Bush, and the neuroscience community responded with a host of new investigations and conferences. Discovering the Brain is based on the Institute of Medicine conference, Decade of the Brain: Frontiers in Neuroscience and Brain Research. Discovering the Brain is a "field guide" to the brainâ€"an easy-to-read discussion of the brain's physical structure and where functions such as language and music appreciation lie. Ackerman examines: How electrical and chemical signals are conveyed in the brain. The mechanisms by which we see, hear, think, and pay attentionâ€"and how a "gut feeling" actually originates in the brain. Learning and memory retention, including parallels to computer memory and what they might tell us about our own mental capacity. Development of the brain throughout the life span, with a look at the aging brain. Ackerman provides an enlightening chapter on the connection between the brain's physical condition and various mental disorders and notes what progress can realistically be made toward the prevention and treatment of stroke and other ailments. Finally, she explores the potential for major advances during the "Decade of the Brain," with a look at medical imaging techniquesâ€"what various technologies can and cannot tell usâ€"and how the public and private sectors can contribute to continued advances in neuroscience. This highly readable volume will provide the public and policymakersâ€"and many scientists as wellâ€"with a helpful guide to understanding the many discoveries that are sure to be announced throughout the "Decade of the Brain."
Author: Micah M. Murray Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1439812179 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 800
Book Description
It has become accepted in the neuroscience community that perception and performance are quintessentially multisensory by nature. Using the full palette of modern brain imaging and neuroscience methods, The Neural Bases of Multisensory Processes details current understanding in the neural bases for these phenomena as studied across species, stages of development, and clinical statuses. Organized thematically into nine sub-sections, the book is a collection of contributions by leading scientists in the field. Chapters build generally from basic to applied, allowing readers to ascertain how fundamental science informs the clinical and applied sciences. Topics discussed include: Anatomy, essential for understanding the neural substrates of multisensory processing Neurophysiological bases and how multisensory stimuli can dramatically change the encoding processes for sensory information Combinatorial principles and modeling, focusing on efforts to gain a better mechanistic handle on multisensory operations and their network dynamics Development and plasticity Clinical manifestations and how perception and action are affected by altered sensory experience Attention and spatial representations The last sections of the book focus on naturalistic multisensory processes in three separate contexts: motion signals, multisensory contributions to the perception and generation of communication signals, and how the perception of flavor is generated. The text provides a solid introduction for newcomers and a strong overview of the current state of the field for experts.
Author: Martin J. Tovée Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 1139472674 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 229
Book Description
Building on the successful formula of the first edition, Martin Tovée offers a concise but detailed account of how the visual system is organised and functions to produce visual perception. He takes his readers from first principles; the structure and function of the eye and what happens when light enters, to how we see and process images, recognise patterns and faces, and through to the most recent discoveries in molecular genetics and brain imaging, and how they have uncovered a host of new advances in our understanding of how visual information is processed within the brain. Incorporating new material throughout, including almost 50 new images, every chapter has been updated to include the latest research, and culminates in helpful key points, which summarise the lessons learnt. This book is an invaluable course text for students within the fields of psychology, neuroscience, biology and physiology.
Author: Jie Shao Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
"The function of the primary visual cortex (V1) has been extensively explored by electrophysiological recordings under passive viewing conditions. In recent years, the importance of exploring V1 function during active visual perception has been increasingly recognized. Notably, electrophysiological studies from awake behaving primates have demonstrated that visual stimulus processing in V1 is modulated by saccadic (rapid) eye movements. However, to date, we have a poor understanding of V1 neuronal responses in the context of other voluntary gaze movements, for instance, smooth pursuit gaze movements. In this thesis, a novel experimental design was used to investigate V1 neural response to a visual stimulus during smooth pursuit gaze movement (either by eye pursuit alone or by a combination of eye and head pursuit). A cynomolgus monkey was trained to actively perform horizontal smooth pursuit elicited by step-ramp target trajectories (0, 20°/s, 40°/s, 60°/s) of a fixation target, while single V1 neuronal responses were recorded in response to a drifting grating stimulus in the neuron's receptive field. To prevent a velocity mismatch between gaze pursuit and the visual stimulus, the position of the stimulus was adjusted online in a frame-based manner (60 Hz) according to the on-going gaze position, so as to keep the stimulus stabilized within the neuron's receptive field. The results revealed that, in conditions where the monkey generated smooth pursuit eye movements, neural responses exhibited an initial suppression around 100 - 200ms followed by an enhancement between 200 - 350ms, after stimulus onset. The initial suppression produced by smooth pursuit eye movement was reached earlier for the highest tracking velocity (i.e., 60°/s). In contrast, the timing of the subsequent enhancement did not change across pursuit velocities. Furthermore, the results also provide evidence that V1 neurons may signal the onset of head movement - V1 neurons demonstrated a response for the initiation of head motion during coordinated eye and head pursuit movement. Taken together, these results have revealed a clear modulatory effect on V1 visual processing from smooth pursuit gaze movement, suggesting that the visual system combines extra-retinal information about both eye and head movement to help maintain a perceptually stable world." --
Author: T. Philip Hicks
Author: T. Philip Hicks
Author: T.P. Hicks
Author: Helga Kolb
Author: H. Autrum
Author: G.A. Orban
Author: Michael Einstein
Author: National Academy of Sciences
Author: Micah M. Murray
Author: Martin J. Tovée
Author: Jie Shao