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Author: N. S. Sutherland Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 11
Book Description
Octopuses were trained in a successive situation to discriminate between vertical and horizontal rectangles: Group S was trained with rectangles of side length 5 x I cm., Group M with 10 x 2 cm. rectangles, and Group L with 20 x 4 cm. rectangles. The larger the shapes used, the more readily were they discriminated, both in terms of speed of learning and of the asymptote of performance. After training, each group was given transfer tests with the two pairs of rectangles not used in training and with two further pairs of 2.5 x 0.5 cm. and 40 x 8 cm. The results can be summarized in three generalizations: (1) When the size of a shape is changed, performance is worse than on the original training shape. (2) The bigger the change in proportionate size, the less transfer is shown. (3) For corresponding changes of proportionate size, there is better transfer to larger shapes than to smaller. These generalizations are supported by data from earlier experiments on the question of transfer to different sized shapes: some of these data were reworked and are presented in detail here. The theoretical implications of the results are discussed. (Author).
Author: N. S. Sutherland Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 11
Book Description
Octopuses were trained in a successive situation to discriminate between vertical and horizontal rectangles: Group S was trained with rectangles of side length 5 x I cm., Group M with 10 x 2 cm. rectangles, and Group L with 20 x 4 cm. rectangles. The larger the shapes used, the more readily were they discriminated, both in terms of speed of learning and of the asymptote of performance. After training, each group was given transfer tests with the two pairs of rectangles not used in training and with two further pairs of 2.5 x 0.5 cm. and 40 x 8 cm. The results can be summarized in three generalizations: (1) When the size of a shape is changed, performance is worse than on the original training shape. (2) The bigger the change in proportionate size, the less transfer is shown. (3) For corresponding changes of proportionate size, there is better transfer to larger shapes than to smaller. These generalizations are supported by data from earlier experiments on the question of transfer to different sized shapes: some of these data were reworked and are presented in detail here. The theoretical implications of the results are discussed. (Author).
Author: Hayne W. Reese Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 1483263614 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 403
Book Description
The Perception of Stimulus Relations: Discrimination Learning and Transposition focuses on the processes, methodologies, and approaches involved in discrimination learning and transposition. The book first offers information on stimulus equivalence, transposition of paradigms, and the transposition and relation perception problems. The manuscript then examines measurement, training, subject, and test variables. Topics include stimulus and procedural variables, effect of direction of transposition test, phylogenetic comparisons, concept knowledge, and speed of original learning. The publication elaborates on form transposition, including transposition of visual forms and the meaning of form and form transposition. The text then takes a look at relational and absolute theories, summary of findings and evaluation of theories, and outline of a theory of transposition. Discussions focus on assumptions and basic deductions, effect of absolute stimulus components, effect of noticing change in stimuli from training to test, and stimulus similarity. The book is a valuable source of data for readers interested in discrimination learning and transposition.
Author: M. J. Wells Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9401724687 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 436
Book Description
between the organ systems of cephalopods and those of less ambitious molluscs. Octopus does, as we would predict, live close to the limits set by its own physiology. The circulation, to take one example, is barely adequate for such an active animal, mainly because of the absence of any system for pack aging the blood pigment; haemocyanin in solution is a poor oxygen carrier. Cephalopod blood can transport less than 5 millilitres of oxygen per 100 ml of blood (compared with about 15 vol% in fish) and the whole supercharged system of triple hearts, high blood pressure and pulsating blood vessels succeeds only in returning blood that retains less than 30% of its dissolved oxygen by the time it reaches the gills. This at rest; the effect of exercise is immediate and surprisingly long lasting even in octopuses as small as 300 g, which must very swiftly run into oxygen debt when they flee from predators or pursue their prey (Sections 3.2.2, 3.2.4). Digestion, too would seem to be limiting. As with other molluscs, digestion in Octopus is based on secretion absorption cycles by a massive diverticulum of the gut, an adequate system in a less hectic past, but scarcely appropriate in a predator that must be an opportunist in the matter of feeding. Octopus feeds mainly at night, and spends a great deal of every day sitting at home.
Author: Roger T. Hanlon Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 0521897858 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 383
Book Description
A fully updated overview of the causation, function, development and evolution of cephalopod behaviour, richly illustrated in full colour.
Author: Frederike Diana Hanke Publisher: Frontiers Media SA ISBN: 2889454304 Category : Languages : en Pages : 161
Book Description
Cephalopods usually have large and mobile eyes with which they constantly scan their environment. The eyes of cephalopods are single-chamber eyes which show resemblance to vertebrate eyes. However there are marked differences such as the cephalopod eye having an everted retina instead of an inverted retina found in vertebrates. Their visual system allows the cephalopods, depending on species, to discriminate objects on the basis of their shapes or sizes, images from mirror images or to learn from the observation of others. The cephalopod visual system is also polarization sensitive and controls camouflage, an extraordinary ability almost exclusive to all cephalopods; they are capable of rapidly adapting their body coloration as well as altering their body shape to any background, in almost any condition and even during self-motion. Visual scene analysis ultimately leads to motor outputs that cause an appropriate change in skin coloration or texture by acting directly on chromatophores or papillae in the skin. Mirroring these numerous functions of the visual system, large parts of the cephalopod brain are devoted to the processing of visual information. This research topic focuses on current advances in the knowledge of cephalopod vision. It is designed to facilitate merging questions, approaches and data available through the work of different researchers working on different aspects of cephalopod vision. Thus the research topic creates mutual awareness, and facilitates the growth of a field of research with a long tradition - cephalopod vision, visual perception and cognition as well as the mechanisms of camouflage. This research topic emerged from a workshop on “Vision in cephalopods” as part of the COST Action FA1301.
Author: Brian J. Fellows Publisher: Elsevier ISBN: 1483153665 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 231
Book Description
The Discrimination Process and Development, Volume 5 covers the fields of behavioral theory and experimental child psychology. This book aims to develop the theory of the discrimination process and relate this theory to certain features of the perceptual and cognitive development of the child. Organized into 21 chapters, this volume starts with a discussion of discrimination process whereby an organism responds to differences between stimuli. This text then discusses the classical discrimination experiment whereby it employs two discriminative stimuli, one of which is positive and the other negative. Other chapters consider the developmental aspects of the discrimination process. The final chapter deals with the hypothesis analysis of matching performances. This book is intended to be suitable for psychology students who are looking for an area of research less restricted than conventional learning theory, and more significant to pressing practical problems. Child psychologists and experimentalists will also find this book useful.
Author: N. S. Sutherland Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 10
Book Description
It has been suggested that discrimination learning involves two processes. Animals learn first to switch-in a stimulus-analysing mechanism that yields different outputs for the discriminanda and, secondly, they learn to attach the correct responses to those outputs. This hypothesis predicts that training an animal to respond to one cue should make it more difficult for it to learn to respond to a second type of cue. Previous experiments have shown that when animals trained to respond to one cue are subsequently presented with a problem that can be solved in terms of that cue or in terms of a second cue they do learn something about the second cue. The crucial question for the model proposed is not whether, under these conditions, animals learn something about a second cue, but whether they learn as much as animals not previously trained to respond to the first cue. The present experiment attempts to answer this question. Sixteen octopuses were trained and tested in three stages. In Stage I, one group learned a size discrimination, the other group learned a shape discrimination. In Stage II, all animals learned a new problem. This problem was the same for both groups and could be solved in terms of shape or size differences or both. In Stage III, transfer tests were given with the same shapes as those used in Stage II but no differences in size were present. (Author).
Author: N. S. Sutherland
Author: N. S. Sutherland
Author: Hayne W. Reese
Author: M. J. Wells
Author: Roger T. Hanlon
Author: Frederike Diana Hanke
Author: Brian J. Fellows
Author: N. S. Sutherland
Author: Leonard Zusne
Author: Michael O-Meara Childs
Author: