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Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 16
Book Description
Throughout the tenure of the current administration, critics have lamented the multi-billion dollar shortfall in defense resources relative to U.S. military strategy and force structure requirements. During this period, underfunding has plagued the procurement account, where a holiday from major systems acquisitions has created a large recapitalization requirement, as well as the operations and maintenance (O & M) account, depleted by unprecedented troop deployment levels. Critics have estimated that the Bottom-Up Review 1993 force, and its successor, the Quadrennial Defense Review 1997 force, have been underfunded by up to $30 billion per year. This substantial mismatch between strategy and resources has generated a lively political critique of an administration lacking understanding and vision of national security strategy. This paper argues, however, that the administration's approach is merely a continuation of U.S. hegemonic grand strategy dating to the end of World War II, and that the current resource mismatch is nothing new. Furthermore, this paper contends that this strategy will continue to guide U.S. security policy, and in concert with emerging external and domestic trends will perpetuate the resource mismatch for the foreseeable future. The paper concludes that this strategy will also result in the frequent and continued use of U.S. military force in limited-objective interventions, and in increasing tensions in U.S. civil-military relations.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 16
Book Description
Throughout the tenure of the current administration, critics have lamented the multi-billion dollar shortfall in defense resources relative to U.S. military strategy and force structure requirements. During this period, underfunding has plagued the procurement account, where a holiday from major systems acquisitions has created a large recapitalization requirement, as well as the operations and maintenance (O & M) account, depleted by unprecedented troop deployment levels. Critics have estimated that the Bottom-Up Review 1993 force, and its successor, the Quadrennial Defense Review 1997 force, have been underfunded by up to $30 billion per year. This substantial mismatch between strategy and resources has generated a lively political critique of an administration lacking understanding and vision of national security strategy. This paper argues, however, that the administration's approach is merely a continuation of U.S. hegemonic grand strategy dating to the end of World War II, and that the current resource mismatch is nothing new. Furthermore, this paper contends that this strategy will continue to guide U.S. security policy, and in concert with emerging external and domestic trends will perpetuate the resource mismatch for the foreseeable future. The paper concludes that this strategy will also result in the frequent and continued use of U.S. military force in limited-objective interventions, and in increasing tensions in U.S. civil-military relations.
Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science, Space, and Technology (2011) Publisher: ISBN: Category : Aeronautics Languages : en Pages : 144
Author: H. Edström Publisher: Springer ISBN: 0230364195 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 219
Book Description
Formulating a strategy involves complex interactions between politicians, strategic commanders and generals in the field. The authors explore the strategic decisions made during NATO missions in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, Macedonia, Afghanistan, Somalia and Libya.
Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Defense Publisher: ISBN: Category : History Languages : en Pages : 1112
Author: Richard Sander Publisher: Basic Books ISBN: 0465030017 Category : Law Languages : en Pages : 370
Book Description
The debate over affirmative action has raged for over four decades, with little give on either side. Most agree that it began as noble effort to jump-start racial integration; many believe it devolved into a patently unfair system of quotas and concealment. Now, with the Supreme Court set to rule on a case that could sharply curtail the use of racial preferences in American universities, law professor Richard Sander and legal journalist Stuart Taylor offer a definitive account of what affirmative action has become, showing that while the objective is laudable, the effects have been anything but. Sander and Taylor have long admired affirmative action's original goals, but after many years of studying racial preferences, they have reached a controversial but undeniable conclusion: that preferences hurt underrepresented minorities far more than they help them. At the heart of affirmative action's failure is a simple phenomenon called mismatch. Using dramatic new data and numerous interviews with affected former students and university officials of color, the authors show how racial preferences often put students in competition with far better-prepared classmates, dooming many to fall so far behind that they can never catch up. Mismatch largely explains why, even though black applicants are more likely to enter college than whites with similar backgrounds, they are far less likely to finish; why there are so few black and Hispanic professionals with science and engineering degrees and doctorates; why black law graduates fail bar exams at four times the rate of whites; and why universities accept relatively affluent minorities over working class and poor people of all races. Sander and Taylor believe it is possible to achieve the goal of racial equality in higher education, but they argue that alternative policies -- such as full public disclosure of all preferential admission policies, a focused commitment to improving socioeconomic diversity on campuses, outreach to minority communities, and a renewed focus on K-12 schooling -- will go farther in achieving that goal than preferences, while also allowing applicants to make informed decisions. Bold, controversial, and deeply researched, Mismatch calls for a renewed examination of this most divisive of social programs -- and for reforms that will help realize the ultimate goal of racial equality.
Author: Pyburn, Rhiannon, ed. Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst ISBN: 0896293912 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 430
Book Description
Over the past decade, interest in gender equality and women’s empowerment has grown rapidly, creating a unique opportunity to institutionalize gender research within agricultural research for development. This book, edited by researchers from the CGIAR Gender Platform, reviews and reflects on the growing body of evidence from gender research. It marks a shift a way from a traditional focus on how gender analysis can contribute to improved productivity, flipping the question to ask, How does agricultural and environmental research and development contribute to gender equality and women’s empowerment? Chapters synthesize the wide range of CGIAR and other research in this area, covering breeding research and seed systems, value chain participation, nutrition-sensitive agriculture, natural resources, climate adaptation and mitigation, the “feminization” of agriculture, women’s role in agricultural research, and emerging gender transformative approaches.
Author: Narinder K. Mehra Publisher: Frontiers Media SA ISBN: 2889452417 Category : Languages : en Pages : 178
Book Description
The first real major breakthrough that laid the basis of HLA antibody detection in the field of solid organ transplantation, came with the introduction of the complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) test in 1964 by Terasaki and McClelland. Since then, methods for antibody detection have evolved remarkably from conventional cell-based assays to the current advanced solid phase systems on the Luminex platform, with increasing degree of sensitivity and specificity. The latter have been indispensable for more accurate identification of donor specific HLA antibodies in broadly reactive allo antisera, and to guide donor selection and kidney paired exchange programs through virtual crossmatching, in addition to serving as excellent tools for initiating pre-transplant desensitization and post- transplant antibody monitoring. Consensus is evolving on the optimal routine employment of these methods in donor selection strategies along with an understanding of the clinical relevance of antibodies detected by each of them. The immunoassays based on the Luminex platform and flow cytometric beads are however unable to discriminate complement fixing from non-complement fixing HLA antibodies. This is important because the former are considered clinically more pertinent in the peri-transplant period. The C1q assay which is a modification of the solid phase assay based on Luminex single antigen beads, which can be used effectively to monitor high dose IVIG desensitization is essentially a surrogate complement fixing assay, retaining the exquisite sensitivity and specificity of the Luminex platform. Currently, information obtained from these assays is preliminary and much needs to be done to standardize technologies and set a consensus ‘MFI cut off’ for antibody positivity. Besides the overriding influence of anti-HLA antibodies on overall solid organ graft survival, immune response to non-HLA antigens has become a topic of substantial interest in recent years. An ever expanding list of non-HLA antigens has been implicated in graft rejection for various organs, of which the most noted are the Major Histocompatibility Complex class I chain-related molecule A (MICA), Vimentin, Myosin, Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), Tubulin and Collagen. MICA is one of the most polymorphic and extensively studied non-HLA antigenic targets especially in renal transplantation. Although there are clear indications of MICA antibodies being associated with adverse graft outcome, to date a definitive consensus on this relationship has not been agreed. Because MICA molecules are not expressed constitutively on immunocompetent cells such as T and B lymphocytes, it is of utmost importance to address the impact of MICA donor specific antibodies (DSA) as compared to those that are non- donor specific (NDSA) on graft outcome. The soluble isoform of MICA molecule (sMICA) that is derived from the proteolytic shedding of membrane bound molecules has the potential to engage the NK-cell activating receptor NKG2D and down-regulate its expression. Consequent to the interaction of NKG2D by sMICA, the receptor ligand complex is endocytosed and degraded and thus suppresses NKG2D mediated lysis of the target by NK cells. Thus interaction between NKG2D and sMICA leads to expansion of immunosuppressive/anergic T cells thereby resulting in suppression of NKG2D mediated host innate immunity. These concept support the possible involvement of an immunosuppressive role for sMICA during allotransplantation as shown recently for heart transplantation. This research topic focusses on the clinical utility of investigating the complete antibody repertoire in solid organ transplantation.
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Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services
Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science, Space, and Technology (2011)
Author: H. Edström
Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on National Security
Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Defense
Author: Richard Sander
Author: Pyburn, Rhiannon, ed.
Author: Narinder K. Mehra