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Author: Kirsten Schwarz Publisher: ISBN: Category : Lead Languages : en Pages : 138
Book Description
Lead contamination of the urban environment is not a new phenomenon. A great deal of research has focused on the health effects of lead-based paint. Less attention, however, has been given to the potential problem of soil contaminated with lead from the past use of lead-containing products such as lead-based paint and leaded gasoline. Identifying areas of high contamination is necessary in order to prioritize soil remediation and public health efforts. This requires a comprehensive understanding of a highly heterogeneous and dynamic system. This research addresses whether land use or land cover is a better predictor of lead concentrations in soil. Specifically, this research addresses whether landscape features, including trees, lawns, buildings, and roads, can be used to predict lead concentrations in soil. Through a method of rapid assessment of soil lead concentrations, I gathered spatially explicit data from urban residential yards to generate several models that predict the spatial distribution of lead in soil. Using the results of these models, potential inequities associated with the modeled spatial distribution of lead in soil and socio-demographic features were explored. The results of this study suggest that the distribution of lead in urban residential soils is more closely correlated with features of urban land cover compared to metrics of land use. Specifically, the spatial distribution of lead in urban residential soils is strongly influenced by three factors: housing age, distance to the major road networks, and distance to built structures. Through the comparison of various spatial models, this research demonstrates that a greater amount of variation in the data is explained by machine learning techniques compared to traditional modeling techniques. In addition, important correlations between the modeled distribution of lead in soil and socio-demographic features such as race and poverty have been identified. Specifically, a greater amount of soil contamination is predicted to be present in high poverty areas. This research contributes to the growing field of urban ecology by advancing our knowledge of how spatial heterogeneity affects the distribution of a critical pollutant in urban systems. This work also tests the suitability of using land cover as a predictive ecological variable.
Author: Kirsten Schwarz Publisher: ISBN: Category : Lead Languages : en Pages : 138
Book Description
Lead contamination of the urban environment is not a new phenomenon. A great deal of research has focused on the health effects of lead-based paint. Less attention, however, has been given to the potential problem of soil contaminated with lead from the past use of lead-containing products such as lead-based paint and leaded gasoline. Identifying areas of high contamination is necessary in order to prioritize soil remediation and public health efforts. This requires a comprehensive understanding of a highly heterogeneous and dynamic system. This research addresses whether land use or land cover is a better predictor of lead concentrations in soil. Specifically, this research addresses whether landscape features, including trees, lawns, buildings, and roads, can be used to predict lead concentrations in soil. Through a method of rapid assessment of soil lead concentrations, I gathered spatially explicit data from urban residential yards to generate several models that predict the spatial distribution of lead in soil. Using the results of these models, potential inequities associated with the modeled spatial distribution of lead in soil and socio-demographic features were explored. The results of this study suggest that the distribution of lead in urban residential soils is more closely correlated with features of urban land cover compared to metrics of land use. Specifically, the spatial distribution of lead in urban residential soils is strongly influenced by three factors: housing age, distance to the major road networks, and distance to built structures. Through the comparison of various spatial models, this research demonstrates that a greater amount of variation in the data is explained by machine learning techniques compared to traditional modeling techniques. In addition, important correlations between the modeled distribution of lead in soil and socio-demographic features such as race and poverty have been identified. Specifically, a greater amount of soil contamination is predicted to be present in high poverty areas. This research contributes to the growing field of urban ecology by advancing our knowledge of how spatial heterogeneity affects the distribution of a critical pollutant in urban systems. This work also tests the suitability of using land cover as a predictive ecological variable.
Author: Richard V. Pouyat Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030452166 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 306
Book Description
This open access book synthesizes leading-edge science and management information about forest and rangeland soils of the United States. It offers ways to better understand changing conditions and their impacts on soils, and explores directions that positively affect the future of forest and rangeland soil health. This book outlines soil processes and identifies the research needed to manage forest and rangeland soils in the United States. Chapters give an overview of the state of forest and rangeland soils research in the Nation, including multi-decadal programs (chapter 1), then summarizes various human-caused and natural impacts and their effects on soil carbon, hydrology, biogeochemistry, and biological diversity (chapters 2–5). Other chapters look at the effects of changing conditions on forest soils in wetland and urban settings (chapters 6–7). Impacts include: climate change, severe wildfires, invasive species, pests and diseases, pollution, and land use change. Chapter 8 considers approaches to maintaining or regaining forest and rangeland soil health in the face of these varied impacts. Mapping, monitoring, and data sharing are discussed in chapter 9 as ways to leverage scientific and human resources to address soil health at scales from the landscape to the individual parcel (monitoring networks, data sharing Web sites, and educational soils-centered programs are tabulated in appendix B). Chapter 10 highlights opportunities for deepening our understanding of soils and for sustaining long-term ecosystem health and appendix C summarizes research needs. Nine regional summaries (appendix A) offer a more detailed look at forest and rangeland soils in the United States and its Affiliates.
Author: Lauren R. Stewart Publisher: ISBN: Category : Bioavailability Languages : en Pages : 61
Book Description
Lead poisoning in young children is a concern in many urban areas, even 30 years after the banning of Pb-based paint and leaded gasoline. Soil and dust have been found to be prominent lead exposure pathways for children because young children often inadvertently ingest contaminated soil and dust through exploratory hand-to-mouth activities. In 2010, 16.6% of 6,550 children tested in Toledo, OH had blood lead levels (BLLs) above the CDC lead poisoning reference level of 5 μg/dL. The objectives of this study were 1) to quantify the concentration and distribution of total and bioavailable lead in soils of Toledo, OH; 2) to relate total lead and bioavailable lead in soils to BLLs in children; and 3) to model the relationship between BLLs in children and spatial variables such as housing age and road density. Outreach education served as a means to educate students about the dangers of soil lead as well as the importance of sampling protocols in science. Students in Toledo area schools were instructed on proper USEPA soil sampling guidelines and were asked to collect soil samples from their yards. A subsample of 81 soils was analyzed for total lead and bioavailable lead. Site-specific total lead and bioavailability data were used in the USEPA Integrated Exposure Uptake and Biokinetic (IEUBK) model to predict BLLs for children under 7 years of age. A spatial index model was derived using fuzzy sets, analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and weighted linear combination (WLC) to relate 6 spatial predictor variables to the predicted BLLs. It was found that 8.6% of sampled sites had total lead concentrations above the USEPA action level of 400 mg/kg, but 28.4% of soils samples yielded predicted elevated BLLs, suggesting the action level is set too high. The majority of soil samples had lead bioavailability values above 60%, thus increasing the risk of lead poisoning. The spatial variables influencing risk of lead poisoning from most important to least important were age of housing, road density, percent impervious surfaces, home value, household income and soil type. The data predict that lead poisoning disproportionately affects children from low socioeconomic status families.
Author: Audella Adib Eid Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 212
Book Description
Leaded gasoline is still one of the main sources of Pb particles deposition in soils and vegetation near highways and major roads. The effect of road distance, wind directions, and land use types (LUTs) on Pb distribution was studied in soils and vegetation samples collected along the main road in Shweifat. The effect of some soil characteristics (pH. CaCOj, soil organic matter and soil textural classes) was also assessed. Soil and plant samples were acid-digested and Pb levels were determined. Statistical analysis revealed a significant relationship between soil Pb levels and distance from the road, soil textural classes (silt and sand), pH, and LUTs. Soil Pb concentrations was negatively correlated with the distance from the road, clay and silt content, and positively correlated with pH, LUTs, and sand percentages. Pb in plant samples was only affected by distance from the road with a negative correlation between the two. In both, soil and plant samples, the mean Pb level was highest at 3 meters distance with mean levels of 115 ppm and 26 ppm respectively, thus indicating that the motor vehicle is the main source of this Pb contamination. LUTs were also significantly related to mean soil Pb concentration, with urban areas having the highest mean Pb level (113 ppm) in comparison with agricultural and vacant areas. No relation between plant Pb levels and LUTs was observed. pH was found to positively affect soil Pb levels, with higher Pb concentration at high pHs. Soil textural classes, mainly sand percentage, were found to be associated with soil Pb distribution caused mainly by the high affinity of Pb to the sesquioxides, goethite, hematite that are normally coating on the sand grains. No correlation was observed between soil Pb and plant Pb implying that Pb is not available for plant uptake in soils. Soil and plant may be used to reflect the extent of aerial deposition of Pb in the roadside and in different LUTs.
Author: Jennifer A. Bower Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 236
Book Description
Lead (Pb), a trace metal notorious for its impacts on human health, has achieved worldwide environmental dispersal resulting from centuries of use by human society. The toxicity of Pb is governed largely by its mineral form, which is in turn controlled by pH, localized reactivity and soil processes that differ according to soil type, location and Pb source. Given the context of these localized dependencies, or site specificity, efforts to predict Pb toxicity and refine sustainable remediation techniques are most useful when Pb behavior is constrained and predicted within environments with homogeneous conditions, such as a single soil. I evaluated and predicted the behavior of Pb, a typical anthropogenic contaminant, within a single soil using bioaccessibility testing and predictive geospatial modeling to assess potential impacts and refine sustainable remediation methods. To test the hypothesis that Pb speciation is influenced by competitive sorption processes in soils, I investigated changes in mobility and speciation of Pb upon addition of amendments at multiple scales using flow-through column experiments, soil characterization and synchrotron-based x-ray techniques. Kriging and cokriging maps provided a successful estimation of background and total Pb, the latter incorporating housing age as a secondary variable to increase model accuracy, though efforts to automate detection of background Pb were complicated by approximation of building extents, and overall heterogeneity of soil Pb concentration gives high error. Acute Pb heterogeneity is observed at the scale of a single site among near-structure samples. At the city-scale, determination of bioaccessibility revealed that bioaccessible and total Pb are well-correlated, to the extent that bioaccessibility may be predicted for the soil underlying Burlington, VT; this information, combined with predictive blood lead level modeling and the CDC’s recent establishment of 5 μg kg-1 as a threshold for blood lead toxicity, enabled the establishment of a site-specific revised soil Pb limit of 360 mg kg-1, lower than the EPA’s general soil Pb threshold of 400 mg kg-1. Characterization of leached and unleached soil using scanning electron microscope energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and microfocused x-ray techniques provided a first look at Pb paint species using synchrotron technologies. Pb was present within paint chips as hydrocerussite, but appeared to weather to anglesite over time. Pb also seemed to act as cation bridge, attracting clay minerals electrostatically and becoming incorporated into heterogeneous soil aggregates. Accessory paint elements are identified in soil and within paint chips and may further complicate these systems. Column experiments, at acidic pH, yielded little evidence of Pb mobility change in response to modification of competitive sorbents. Kinetics of Pb release were driven by pH, with Pb solubilizing at pH of ~4.9 as column soil acidifies. This work provides evidence for changes in Pb speciation over time in urban soils impacted by Pb paint, and presents a framework for predictive risk analysis at a local site using experimental and modeling tools. Multiscale observations and analytical results can be used in future efforts to model and refine sustainable remediation solutions within a site-specific context.
Author: Kirsten Schwarz
Author: Kirsten Schwarz
Author: 
Author: Richard V. Pouyat
Author: Lauren R. Stewart
Author: Michael J. Solt
Author: 
Author: Audella Adib Eid
Author: Jennifer A. Bower
Author: American Geophysical Union. Meeting
Author: Brian E. Davies