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Author: Wendy K. Gram Publisher: ISBN: Category : Birds Languages : en Pages : 242
Book Description
After the breeding season, many bird species move to different habitats or alter their social behavior for the nonbreeding season. High densities of neotropical migrant species funnel into Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies, but relatively little is known about the wintering strategies of these migrants or the permanent resident species. I documented the distribution of migrant species in four habitats in the El Cielo Biosphere Reserve in southern Tamaulipas, Mexico, and studied the structure of mixed-species flocks which consisted of both migrant and Mexican resident species. I used point count surveys and mist nets to determine the distribution of migrant species among tropical semi-deciduous forest (300 m altitude), cloud forest (1100 m altitude), humid oak-pine forest (1200 m altitude), and dry pine-oak forest (1800 m altitude) in the Sierra Madre Oriental mountains. Forty-one species of migrants and 136 species of Mexican residents were observed during the winters of 1993-1995; migrant species represented from 22% to 29% of the species detected in point counts and captured in mist nets. Habitats at higher elevations with temperate-like forests and at lower elevations with tropical forests supported the greatest number and highest abundance of migrant species. Migrants showed some flexibility in habitat use, particularly compared to resident species. Mixed-species flocks, particularly insectivorous foraging flocks, were prevalent during the nonbreeding season in northern Mexico. Flocks in the dry pine-oak forest averaged the most individuals and species per flock. Participants in mixed-species flocks did not appear to be a random collection of species, and niche partitioning by foraging behavior was ubiquitous among flock members. Ruby-crowned kinglet, a migrant species, and crescent-chested warbler, a Mexican resident species, were nuclear flock species in one habitat and follower flock species in another habitat; their foraging behavior also changed among habitats and with different flockmates. Patterns of foraging behavior in mixed-species flocks were consistent with models of competition and habitat selection, but I could not separate the effects of these processes in this system. Survival during the nonbreeding season is critical in maintaining populations; continued studies of winter community structure are important for understanding large-scale population dynamics.
Author: Wendy K. Gram Publisher: ISBN: Category : Birds Languages : en Pages : 242
Book Description
After the breeding season, many bird species move to different habitats or alter their social behavior for the nonbreeding season. High densities of neotropical migrant species funnel into Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies, but relatively little is known about the wintering strategies of these migrants or the permanent resident species. I documented the distribution of migrant species in four habitats in the El Cielo Biosphere Reserve in southern Tamaulipas, Mexico, and studied the structure of mixed-species flocks which consisted of both migrant and Mexican resident species. I used point count surveys and mist nets to determine the distribution of migrant species among tropical semi-deciduous forest (300 m altitude), cloud forest (1100 m altitude), humid oak-pine forest (1200 m altitude), and dry pine-oak forest (1800 m altitude) in the Sierra Madre Oriental mountains. Forty-one species of migrants and 136 species of Mexican residents were observed during the winters of 1993-1995; migrant species represented from 22% to 29% of the species detected in point counts and captured in mist nets. Habitats at higher elevations with temperate-like forests and at lower elevations with tropical forests supported the greatest number and highest abundance of migrant species. Migrants showed some flexibility in habitat use, particularly compared to resident species. Mixed-species flocks, particularly insectivorous foraging flocks, were prevalent during the nonbreeding season in northern Mexico. Flocks in the dry pine-oak forest averaged the most individuals and species per flock. Participants in mixed-species flocks did not appear to be a random collection of species, and niche partitioning by foraging behavior was ubiquitous among flock members. Ruby-crowned kinglet, a migrant species, and crescent-chested warbler, a Mexican resident species, were nuclear flock species in one habitat and follower flock species in another habitat; their foraging behavior also changed among habitats and with different flockmates. Patterns of foraging behavior in mixed-species flocks were consistent with models of competition and habitat selection, but I could not separate the effects of these processes in this system. Survival during the nonbreeding season is critical in maintaining populations; continued studies of winter community structure are important for understanding large-scale population dynamics.
Author: Martin L. Cody Publisher: Princeton University Press ISBN: 0691209332 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 334
Book Description
Professor Cody's monograph emphasizes the role of competition at levels above single species populations, and describes how competition, by way of the niche concept, determines the structure of communities. Communities may be understood in terms of resource gradients, or niche dimensions, along which species become segregated through competitive interactions. Most communities appear to exist in three or four such dimensions. The first three chapters describe the resource gradients (habitat types, foraging sites, food types), show what factors restrict species to certain parts of the resource gradients and so determine niche breadths, and illustrate the important role of resource predictability in niche overlap between species for resources they share. Most examples are drawn from eleven North and South American bird communities, although the concepts and methodology are far more general. Next, the optimality of community structure is tested through parallel and convergent evolution on different continents with similar climates and habitats, and the direct influence of competitors on resource use is investigated by comparisons of species--poor island communities to species-rich mainland ones. Finally, the author discusses those sorts of environments in which the evolution of one species--one resource set is not achieved, and where alternative schemes of resource allocation, often involving several species that act ecologically as one, must be followed.
Author: Eben Goodale Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0128093056 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 218
Book Description
Mixed-Species Groups of Animals: Behavior, Community Structure, and Conservation presents a comprehensive discussion on the mixed-species groups of animals, a spectacular and accessible example of the complexity of species interactions. They are found in a wide range of animals, including invertebrates, fish, mammals and birds, and in different habitats, both terrestrial and aquatic, throughout the world. While there are more than 500 articles on this subject scattered in separate categories of journals, there has yet to be a general, cross-taxa book-length introduction to this subject that summarizes the behavior and community structure of these groups. The authors first survey the diversity of spatial associations among animals and then concentrate on moving groups. They review the major classes of theories that have been developed to explain their presence, particularly in how groups increase foraging efficiency and decrease predation. Finally, they explore the intricacies of species interactions, such as communication, that explain species roles in groups and discuss what implications these social systems have for conservation. - Functions as a single resource for readers inside and outside of academia on mixed-species groups, serving as a foundation for future research in this field - Begins with an empirical summary of mixed-species distribution and reviews how the theories explaining their adaptive benefits are supported by the evidence - Includes many aspects of mixed-group behavior (e.g. foraging, communication, collective decision-making, dominance, social roles of species and leadership, relationship to conservation) that were not previously or easily accessible
Author: John H. Rappole Publisher: Columbia University Press ISBN: 0231518633 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 459
Book Description
The purpose of migration, regardless of the distance involved, is to exploit two or more environments suitable for survival or reproduction over time, usually on a seasonal basis. Yet individual organisms can practice the phenomenon differently, and birds deploy unique patterns of movement over particular segments of time. Incorporating the latest research on bird migration, this concise, critical assessment offers contemporary readers a firm grasp of what defines an avian migrant, how the organism came to be, what is known about its behavior, and how we can resolve its enduring mysteries. John H. Rappole's sophisticated survey of field data clarifies key ecological, biological, physiological, navigational, and evolutionary concerns. He begins with the very first migrants, who traded a home environment of greater stability for one of greater seasonality, and uses the structure of the annual cycle to examine the difference between migratory birds and their resident counterparts. He ultimately connects these differences to evolutionary milestones that have shaped a migrant lifestyle through natural selection. Rather than catalogue and describe various aspects of bird migration, Rappole considers how the avian migrant fits within a larger ecological frame, enabling a richer understanding of the phenomenon and its critical role in sustaining a hospitable and productive environment. Rappole concludes with a focus on population biology and conservation across time periods, considering the link between bird migration and the spread of disease among birds and humans, and the effects of global warming on migrant breeding ranges, reaction norms, and macroecology.
Author: Wendy K. Gram
Author: Wendy K. Gram
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Author: James Silliman
Author: Frank Richard Thompson
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Author: Martin L. Cody
Author: Eben Goodale
Author: John A. Wiens
Author: John H. Rappole
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