Author: World Bank Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Mining dominates the Mongolian economy, already accounting for some 80 percent of exports and contributing a quarter of gross domestic product (GDP). In July 2020, the newly elected government reaffirmed its commitment to bring into production more of Mongolia's mineral deposits and to process minerals locally instead of exporting them. Its objectives are to boost government revenues, retain more value in-country, and create conditions for more diversified economic growth in the future. Further commercial development of Mongolia's mineral resources, for which substantial financing will be required, faces several challenges. The challenges and opportunities identified confront the government as it seeks to advance mining sector "megaprojects.” Careful consideration of the role that the government plays as owner of mineral resources is central to more optimal development of the mining sector and the government's approach to mobilizing finance. As recommended in the World Bank's Policy Notes(July 2020), the government may need to develop a more effective strategy to allocate scarce public funds and mobilize fresh private capital to support development of the mining sector. The purpose of this analysis is to prompt an open debate based on policy evidence derived from robust analysis of options and trade-offs that can lead to an actionable reform agenda.
Author: Jennifer Lander Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 0429664133 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 200
Book Description
This book contributes new theoretical insight and in-depth empirical analysis about the relationship between transnational legality, state change and the globalisation of markets. The role of transnational economic law in influencing and reorganising national systems of governance evidences the constitutional dimensions of global capitalism: the power to institute new rules and limits for national states. This form of new constitutionalism does not undermine the state but transforms it by eroding national capacities and implanting global alternatives. While leading scholars in the field have emphasised the much-needed value of case studies, there are no studies available which consider the cumulative impact of multiple axes of transnational legal ordering on the national state or its constitution. This monograph addresses this empirical gap, whilst expanding the theoretical scope of the field. Mongolia’s recent transformation as a mineral-exporting country provides a rare opportunity to witness economic and legal globalisation in process. Based on careful empirical analysis of national law and policy-making, the book traces the way distinctive processes of transnational legal ordering have reorganised and reframed the governance of Mongolia’s mining sector, specifically by redistributing state power in relation to the market, sub-national administrations and civil society. The book investigates the role of international financial institutions, multinational corporations and non-governmental organisations in normative transmission, as well as the critical role of national actors in embedding transnational investment norms within the domestic legal and policy environment. As the book demonstrates, however, the constitutional ramifications of transnational legal ordering extend beyond the mining regime itself into more fundamental questions of the trajectory of state transformation, institutionally and ideologically. The book will be of interest to scholars of international law, global governance and the political economy of development.
Author: Dulam Bumochir Publisher: UCL Press ISBN: 1787351831 Category : Social Science Languages : en Pages : 232
Book Description
Mongolia’s mining sector, along with its environmental and social costs, have been the subject of prolonged and heated debate. This debate has often cast the country as either a victim of the ‘resource curse’ or guilty of ‘resource nationalism’. In The State, Popular Mobilisation and Gold Mining in Mongolia, Dulam Bumochir aims to avoid the pitfalls of this debate by adopting an alternative theoretical approach. He focuses on the indigenous representations of nature, environment, economy, state and sovereignty that have triggered nationalist and statist responses to the mining boom. In doing so, he explores the ways in which these responses have shaped the apparently ‘neo-liberal’ policies of twenty-first century Mongolia, and the economy that has emerged from them, in the face of competing mining companies, protest movements, international donor organizations, economic downturn, and local and central government policies.
Author: Yoshitaka Hosoi Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 9811955158 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 202
Book Description
This book is a compass for resource rich-developing countries, taking Mongolia as a case study. Policy aspects of the development of the mining sector in developing countries such as Mongolia and its impact on the economy and society are reviewed. The book deals with specific industry policies and challenges identified by policy makers, its characteristics and policy recommendations moving forward with an emphasis on the importance of evidence-based policy making (EBPM). It begins with the country’s development strategy and the role of the mining industry, highlighting the fact that major strategic and policy documents still suffer from ambiguity and clear guidance as well as gaps in policy directions. The book also highlights the need for policy makers to improve transparency initiatives. Authors emphasize transparency or lack thereof in mining contracts, taxation, trading, and marketing and provide specific policy recommendations and alternative policy actions. The macroeconomic and social impact of the mining sector and the role of foreign direct investment is also discussed. Particularly, utilizing in-house economic analytical tools, the role and impact of resource revenue management policy in Mongolia is evaluated. Further, the impact of mining projects on the livelihood of local households as well as the importance of obtaining a social license to operate is discussed. This monograph is recommended for readers who want an in-depth comprehensive understanding of the mining sector, EBPM, and key lessons learned in managing natural resources in Mongolia.
Author: Dulam Bumochir Publisher: ISBN: 9781013295423 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 180
Book Description
Mongolia's mining sector, along with its environmental and social costs, have been the subject of prolonged and heated debate. This debate has often cast the country as either a victim of the 'resource curse' or guilty of 'resource nationalism'. In The State, Popular Mobilisation and Gold Mining in Mongolia, Dulam Bumochir aims to avoid the pitfalls of this debate by adopting an alternative theoretical approach. He focuses on the indigenous representations of nature, environment, economy, state and sovereignty that have triggered nationalist and statist responses to the mining boom. In doing so, he explores the ways in which these responses have shaped the apparently 'neo-liberal' policies of twenty-first century Mongolia, and the economy that has emerged from them, in the face of competing mining companies, protest movements, international donor organizations, economic downturn, and local and central government policies. This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors.
Author: Weltbank Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
This study is based on field work undertaken in the Spring of 2003 and builds on previous projects undertaken by the World Bank in Mongolia, It assesses the medium-term growth potential of Mongolia's non-fuels minerals industry and its potential contribution to economic growth, poverty reduction, and regional development. The report main objectives are : assess medium-term growth potential of Mongolia's non-fuel mineral industry; diagnose the state of the Mongolian mining sector and identify problems, constraints and bottlenecks to new investments, growth and increased contribution of mining to the national and regional economy; provide international comparisons and examples of best practices as to how other countries have addressed the issues, problems and constraints, and formulate options and alternatives that may be considered by the government to improve efficiency, competitiveness, sector management, and the investment climate.
Author: Troy Sternberg Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1000461092 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 217
Book Description
This volume investigates how mining affects societies and communities in Mongolia and Kyrgyzstan. As ex-Soviet states, Mongolia and Kyrgyzstan share history, culture and transitions to democracy. Most importantly, both are mineral-rich countries on China’s frontier and epi-centres of resource extraction. This volume examines challenges communities in these countries encounter on the long journey through resource exploration, extraction and mine closure. The book is organised into three related sections that travel from mine licensing and instigation to early anticipation of benefit through the realisation of social and environmental impacts to finite issues such as jobs, monitoring, dispute resolution and reclamation. Most originally, each chapter will include a final section entitled "Notes from the field" that presents the voice of in-country researchers and stakeholders. These sections will provide local contextual knowledge on the chapter’s theme by practitioners from Mongolia and Central Asia. The volume thereby offers a distinctively grounded perspective on the tensions and benefits of mining in this dynamic region. Using Mongolia and Kyrgyzstan as case studies, the volume reflects on the evolving challenges communities and societies encounter with resource extraction worldwide. The book will be of great interest to students and scholars of mining and natural resource extraction, corporate social responsibility and sustainable development.
Author: Shagdaryn U̇nėntȯgs Publisher: ISBN: Category : Commercial law Languages : en Pages : 369
Book Description
Foreign direct investment plays an important role in development. It can provide a host country with access to technology transfer, product, development skills and financing and new marketing channels. With the advent of globalization and strong legal policy support, foreign investment has helped the Mongolian economy grow tremendously. In recent years, the mineral price keeps rising in the world market causing the Mongolian mining sector to develop rapidly so that it attracts foreign and domestic investments significantly contributing to the national economic growth. Minerals have become the main source of the state budget and an opportunity to improve living standards of the people and to increase economic growth. Over the past 20 years, Mongolia has transformed itself from a socialist country to a vibrant multiparty democracy with a booming economy. Mongolia is at the threshold of a major transformation driven by the exploitation of its vast mineral resources and the share of mining in GDP today stands at 20 percent, twice the ratio of a decade ago. Due to the mining boom, Mongolia is in the group of countries with the highest growth potential over the next decades. Mongolia has rich natural resources that rank tenth in the world, has the ninth largest territory in the world and is a rapidly developing country that has more than 10 percent economic growth for the past 15 years on average. But Mongolia only has a population of 3 million people and is landlocked, bordering just two countries: Russia and China. Compared to highly populated countries it has a very small market, has an economy based on mineral resources, agriculture and energy. The rich natural resources will be a guarantee for the future of Mongolian economic development. According to the statistics from 2014, per capita GDP has grown by 12 times from 683 USD(in 2004) to 8773 USD in 2014. Additionally it attracts a lot of foreign investment, bordering country China and Russia that have big markets in the world, and has a democratic system. Mining is a key sector for the Mongolian economy. Foreign direct investment in mining supports poverty reduction, environmental protection and sustainable development. Unfortunately, this rapid growth, while extensive, may weaken in the future and the economy may easily decline so it might have no meaningful effect on the ordinary people. The key topics of this study center around core questions as to what kind of policy Mongolian government has implemented, how they have attracted the foreign investment, and what the future investment policy ought to be. This thesis focuses on the present situation of foreign investment in the mining sector, and attempts to clarify its effects on the Mongolian economy and to seek ways to improve the legal efficiency of foreign investment. Creation of stable legal and investment regimes for mining industry is a decisive factor for future development of developing countries with rich natural resource. Recent development in the mining sector has created a challenging task for Mongolia in terms of investment legal regimes for mineral exploitation including state equity participation in major mining projects that are expected to have considerable influence to the future development of the national economy. The aim of this thesis is to analyze current structure of the mining sector investment regime in Mongolia by focusing on the issue of state participation, foreign investment influence and to provide possible options to improve the current practice. This study uses a historical and empirical approach to the issues and examines existing laws and regulations from the legal points of view. Classification of mineral deposits is a decisive factor in determining how the government should participate in mineral extraction mega projects in Mongolia, and the government equity share should be reduced in order to achieve long term benefit to the country and to keep the investment sustainability. The study also underlines that clear and stable legal investment environment, effects of international investment agreements (bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and regional or plurilateral and multilateral investment treaties (MAI) etc.), investment dispute settlement mechanisms (ISDS), scope of investment rules (Most Favoured Nation (MFN) principle, National Treatment (NT), Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET), Expropriation and Compensation etc.), investment incentives and investment protection, taxation, transparency of decision making process, and information dissemination and availability of national professionals are essential to the development of the mineral resource sector in Mongolia. This thesis attempts to find answers through legal analysis. The purpose of the study is to highlight how foreign investment in the mining sector plays a role as the accelerator of Mongolian development. Foreign investment as a development accelerator of the mining sector could take many shapes. The result of foreign investment must highly contribute to the development of the country, value added, introduce innovative, high technology, and from the legal point of view the foreign investment must be protected. Finding an opportunity and way to improve Mongolia's competitiveness through a detailed legal analysis of Mongolia's foreign investment environment was the most important result of the study. The research attempts to determine factors influencing one of the positions of Mongolia in the eyes of foreign investors. This study investigates the investment climate of Mongolia as seen by foreign investors, their level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with their investment, and factors influencing their choice of policy as an investment location.
Author: Dulam Bumochir Publisher: ISBN: 9781787351844 Category : Gold mines and mining Languages : en Pages : 232
Book Description
Mongolia's mining sector, along with its environmental and social costs, have been the subject of prolonged and heated debate. This debate has often cast the country as either a victim of the 'resource curse' or guilty of 'resource nationalism'. In The State, Popular Mobilisation and Gold Mining in Mongolia, Dulam Bumochir aims to avoid the pitfalls of this debate by adopting an alternative theoretical approach. He focuses on the indigenous representations of nature, environment, economy, state, and sovereignty that have triggered nationalist and statist responses to the mining boom. In doing so, he explores the ways in which these responses have shaped the apparently 'neo-liberal' policies of twenty-first-century Mongolia, and the economy that has emerged from them, in the face of competing mining companies, protest movements, international donor organizations, economic downturn, and local and central government policies. Applying rich ethnography to a nuanced and complex picture, Bumochir's analysis is essential reading for students and researchers studying the environment and mining, especially in Central and North-East Asia and post-Soviet regions, and also for readers interested in the relationship between neoliberalism, nationalism, environmentalism and state.
Author: World Bank
Author: 
Author: Jennifer Lander
Author: Dulam Bumochir
Author: Yoshitaka Hosoi
Author: Dulam Bumochir
Author: Weltbank
Author: Troy Sternberg
Author: Shagdaryn U̇nėntȯgs
Author: Dulam Bumochir