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Author: May Cheung Publisher: ISBN: Category : Heart Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Background: Obesity is an epidemic in the United States, and it is associated with the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases. Individuals who are overweight or obese (Owt/Ob) are at a higher risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases and have a higher prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies when compared to individuals with a healthy weight. Vitamin D and magnesium are two micronutrients that are commonly found to be deficient in the Owt/Ob population, and deficiencies in both nutrients are independently associated with poor cardiometabolic health. Furthermore, magnesium is an essential cofactor that aids in vitamin D metabolism. We theorized that a poor magnesium status may lead to improper vitamin D metabolism, and therefore, leading to an increase of parathyroid hormone (PTH), a hormone that is an independent predictor for elevated systemic inflammation, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Parathyroid hormone and vitamin D exhibit a negative relationship in healthy weight individuals. However, this expected negative relationship between vitamin D and parathyroid hormone can potentially be altered in Owt/Ob individuals with magnesium deficiency. This dissertation focused on investigating the role magnesium plays in vitamin D metabolism and the effects of a combined vitamin D and magnesium treatment in the Owt/Ob population and its effect on protecting cardiometabolic health. Methods: A cross-sectional study was first conducted to determine the relationship between magnesium status, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentrations, and serum PTH concentrations. Secondly, we conducted a 12-week double-blinded controlled supplementation trial to determine whether a combined magnesium and vitamin D would increase serum concentrations of 25OHD, and lower serum concentrations of PTH, markers of inflammation and blood pressure. This study had three treatment arms - magnesium + vitamin D (MagD) group, vitamin D only (VitD) group, and a placebo group. Participants in the MagD Group received 360 mg magnesium glycinate + 1000 IU vitamin D3 daily, VitD Group received 1000 IU vitamin D3 daily, and Placebo Group received 10 mg of cellulose. Information such as body composition measurements was collected using Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were collected using the American Heart Association In-clinic Guideline for Blood Pressure Measurements, blood biomarkers (serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, markers of inflammation) were assessed through fasting blood samples analyses. Additional information such as anthropometry measurements and diet records were also collected. Results: In our cross-sectional study, a total of 57 Owt/Ob participants were divided into three groups according to dietary magnesium intake percentiles (Low Mg Group = 33 percentile, Medium Mg Group = 33 to 66 percentile, High Mg Group = 66 percentile). Higher serum concentrations of 25OHD were negatively associated with lower serum concentrations of PTH only in the High Mg Intake group (r=-0.472, p=0.041), but not in other groups. For the 12-week double-blinded supplementation trial, a total of 83 Owt/Ob participants were randomized into one of the three study arms. Participants in the MagD Group had a greater increase in serum 25OHD compared to participants in VitD Group, but only for those whose baseline 25OHD were less than 23.49 ng/mL. There were no statistically significant effects on PTH concentrations and markers of inflammation between and within groups. Conclusion: A low dietary magnesium intake may alter PTH response to 25OHD. Furthermore, a combined magnesium and vitamin D treatment may be more effective in raising serum 25OHD concentrations compared to vitamin D supplements alone for individuals whose 25OHD level were insufficient at baseline. However, increase in serum 25OHD concentrations may not influence systemic inflammation and blood pressure.
Author: May Cheung Publisher: ISBN: Category : Heart Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Background: Obesity is an epidemic in the United States, and it is associated with the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases. Individuals who are overweight or obese (Owt/Ob) are at a higher risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases and have a higher prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies when compared to individuals with a healthy weight. Vitamin D and magnesium are two micronutrients that are commonly found to be deficient in the Owt/Ob population, and deficiencies in both nutrients are independently associated with poor cardiometabolic health. Furthermore, magnesium is an essential cofactor that aids in vitamin D metabolism. We theorized that a poor magnesium status may lead to improper vitamin D metabolism, and therefore, leading to an increase of parathyroid hormone (PTH), a hormone that is an independent predictor for elevated systemic inflammation, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Parathyroid hormone and vitamin D exhibit a negative relationship in healthy weight individuals. However, this expected negative relationship between vitamin D and parathyroid hormone can potentially be altered in Owt/Ob individuals with magnesium deficiency. This dissertation focused on investigating the role magnesium plays in vitamin D metabolism and the effects of a combined vitamin D and magnesium treatment in the Owt/Ob population and its effect on protecting cardiometabolic health. Methods: A cross-sectional study was first conducted to determine the relationship between magnesium status, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentrations, and serum PTH concentrations. Secondly, we conducted a 12-week double-blinded controlled supplementation trial to determine whether a combined magnesium and vitamin D would increase serum concentrations of 25OHD, and lower serum concentrations of PTH, markers of inflammation and blood pressure. This study had three treatment arms - magnesium + vitamin D (MagD) group, vitamin D only (VitD) group, and a placebo group. Participants in the MagD Group received 360 mg magnesium glycinate + 1000 IU vitamin D3 daily, VitD Group received 1000 IU vitamin D3 daily, and Placebo Group received 10 mg of cellulose. Information such as body composition measurements was collected using Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were collected using the American Heart Association In-clinic Guideline for Blood Pressure Measurements, blood biomarkers (serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, markers of inflammation) were assessed through fasting blood samples analyses. Additional information such as anthropometry measurements and diet records were also collected. Results: In our cross-sectional study, a total of 57 Owt/Ob participants were divided into three groups according to dietary magnesium intake percentiles (Low Mg Group = 33 percentile, Medium Mg Group = 33 to 66 percentile, High Mg Group = 66 percentile). Higher serum concentrations of 25OHD were negatively associated with lower serum concentrations of PTH only in the High Mg Intake group (r=-0.472, p=0.041), but not in other groups. For the 12-week double-blinded supplementation trial, a total of 83 Owt/Ob participants were randomized into one of the three study arms. Participants in the MagD Group had a greater increase in serum 25OHD compared to participants in VitD Group, but only for those whose baseline 25OHD were less than 23.49 ng/mL. There were no statistically significant effects on PTH concentrations and markers of inflammation between and within groups. Conclusion: A low dietary magnesium intake may alter PTH response to 25OHD. Furthermore, a combined magnesium and vitamin D treatment may be more effective in raising serum 25OHD concentrations compared to vitamin D supplements alone for individuals whose 25OHD level were insufficient at baseline. However, increase in serum 25OHD concentrations may not influence systemic inflammation and blood pressure.
Author: Abeer M Mahmoud Publisher: ISBN: 9783036548371 Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
The purpose of this Special Issue "The Role of Nutrition in Cardiometabolic Health: Experimental, Clinical, and Community-Based Evidence" is to publish a focused, coherent, impactful, and well-cited volume on how nutrition influences diverse cardiometabolic risk factors. Cardiometabolic diseases, such as coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity, is the leading cause of death worldwide. In recent years, dietary habits have shifted all over the globe. At the same time, a constantly growing body of evidence demonstrates the role of caloric intake and dietary composition as determinants of cardiometabolic health. Suboptimal diet predisposes to a myriad of cardiometabolic risk factors such as impaired glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemias, and high blood pressure.
Author: Christiane Jbeily Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
Background: While importance has been given to the study of copper, zmc, selenium and magnesium and their relationship to cardiometabolic factors in many nations, few studies were conducted in Lebanon on the statuses of these minerals especially in terms of their relation to the metabolic components. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the serum mineral statuses of magnesium, copper selenium and zinc in Lebanese adults and the association between their serum levels and the cardiometabolic risk factors: age, gender, obesity, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDLcholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, insulin and CRP levels. Methods: A sample of 346 adult men and women was chosen from a nationally representative sample and drawn from randomly selected households. Anthropometric measurements and laboratory analysis of fasting serum were performed to assess serum mineral levels and metabolic parameters. Results: Serum levels of magnesium were found to be high in the studied subjects. Serum levels of copper were normal while approximately 25% of the studied population were found to have low levels of zinc and selenium. Serum magnesium levels correlated positively with total cholesterol and negatively with CRP levels. Serum copper correlated positively with total cholesterol, CRP and HDL cholesterol, while serum zinc and selenium didn't show any correlation with the studied parameters. Conclusion: The association ofthe minerals magnesium and copper with some of the metabolic components in this cross-sectional analysis cannot be considered as causal. Therefore, larger prospective studies may be needed to confirm our observations and to elucidate the biological mechanisms of the associations. The development of reliable measurements of zinc, magnesium selenium and copper statuses would also be needed to further understand the possibie associations between these mineral statuses and the risk of developing various cardiometabolic diseases.
Author: Institute of Medicine Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309158834 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 192
Book Description
Does a longer life mean a healthier life? The number of adults over 65 in the United States is growing, but many may not be aware that they are at greater risk from foodborne diseases and their nutritional needs change as they age. The IOM's Food Forum held a workshop October 29-30, 2009, to discuss food safety and nutrition concerns for older adults.
Author: Abeer M. Mahmoud Publisher: ISBN: 9783036581835 Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
The purpose of this Special Issue, “The Role of Nutrition in Cardiometabolic Health: Experimental, Clinical, and Community-Based Evidence”, is to publish a focused, coherent, impactful, and well-cited volume on how nutrition influences diverse cardiometabolic risk factors. Cardiometabolic diseases such as coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity are the leading causes of death worldwide. In recent years, dietary habits have shifted all over the globe. At the same time, a constantly growing body of evidence demonstrates the role of caloric intake and dietary composition as determinants of cardiometabolic health. A suboptimal diet predisposes to a myriad of cardiometabolic risk factors such as impaired glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure. The goal of this Special Issue is to provide rigorous evidence from novel experimental and observational studies that support the association between dietary factors and cardiometabolic risk and evaluate the diverse diet-related risk pathways.
Author: Claire Berryman Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Nut consumption is associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. The benefits of nuts are likely due to their unsaturated fatty acid profile, fiber and phytosterol content, and other bioactive nutrients. Reductions in total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C can be achieved by substituting foods high in unsaturated fat, like nuts, for those high in saturated fat and/or refined carbohydrates. Of all the tree nuts, almonds provide the most fiber, protein, and [alpha]-tocopherol per one ounce serving, and clinical evidence consistently shows lipid and lipoprotein improvements with almond consumption. Previous controlled-feeding almond studies employed diet designs that incrementally decreased some or all foods to accommodate the caloric addition of almonds. Thus, almonds have not been evaluated in a controlled-feeding setting using a diet design with only a single, calorie-matched food substitution to assess their effects on cardiometabolic risk factors. We hypothesized that substituting whole almonds for a high-carbohydrate snack, within the context of a low-fat, low-cholesterol background diet, would improve lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins and decrease abdominal adiposity in adults with elevated LDL-C. A randomized, 2-period (6 wk/period), crossover, controlled-feeding study of 52 individuals with elevated LDL-C (148.0 ± 2.7 mg/dL) was designed to compare a cholesterol-lowering diet with almonds (1.5 oz. of almonds/d) to an identical diet with an isocaloric muffin substitution (no almonds/d). Differences in the nutrient profiles of the control (58% CHO, 15% PRO, 26% total fat) and almond (51% CHO, 16% PRO, 32% total fat) diets were due to nutrients inherent to each snack; diets did not differ in saturated fat or cholesterol. The almond diet, relative to the control diet, decreased non-HDL-C (-6.8 ± 2.4 mg/dL; P = 0.01), LDL-C (-5.2 ± 1.9 mg/dL; P = 0.01), and remnant lipoproteins (-2.8 ± 1.2 mg/dL; P = 0.03); whereas, the control diet decreased HDL-C (-1.8 ± 0.6 mg/dL; P 0.01). Almond consumption also reduced abdominal fat (-0.07 ± 0.03 kg; P = 0.01) and leg fat (-0.12 ± 0.05 kg; P = 0.02), despite no differences in total body weight. It is well established that diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol decrease CVD risk factors, including TC and LDL-C. Consequently, this dietary change also results in decreased HDL-C concentrations. We have shown that a cholesterol-lowering diet incorporating almonds decreases HDL-C to a lesser extent than a traditional low-fat, low-cholesterol diet. HDL has atheroprotective properties that extend beyond absolute HDL-C concentrations, therefore we investigated the dietary effects of almonds on HDL biology and function. We hypothesized that incorporating 1.5 oz./d of almonds in a cholesterol-lowering diet would attenuate decreases in HDL function (i.e. cholesterol efflux) and HDL subspecies that are observed with traditional cholesterol-lowering diets. The almond diet decreased [alpha]-1 (-1.4 ± 0.7 vs. -3.4 ± 0.7 mg apoA1/dL; P = 0.001) and the [alpha]-1: pre[beta] ratio (-0.06 ± 0.16 vs. -0.55 ± 0.17; P = 0.02) significantly less than the control diet. In addition, the almond diet reduced small HDL [alpha]-3 compared to the control diet (-1.0 ± 0.6 vs. 0.1 ± 0.6 mg apoA1/dL; P = 0.04). There were no treatment effects on global or transporter-specific cholesterol efflux. Collectively, almonds reduced LDL-C, remnant lipoproteins, and central adiposity and improved HDL subparticle distribution, all of which are important risk factors for cardiometabolic dysfunction. Daily consumption of almonds, substituted for a high-carbohydrate snack, may be a simple dietary strategy to prevent the onset of cardiometabolic diseases in healthy individuals. Individual responses to dietary treatment varied widely in our study population. We were interested in examining the contributions of interindividual characteristics on treatment response variability. We hypothesized that the almond diet, relative to control, would provide greater benefits in individuals who were normal weight (BMI 25 kg/m2) versus overweight/obese (=25 kg/m2), individuals with low CRP (1.0 mg/L) versus those with higher CRP (=1.0 mg/L), and in individuals with higher cholesterol absorption (lathosterol-to-[beta]-sitosterol ratio
Author: Victor R. Preedy Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry ISBN: 1849738874 Category : Health & Fitness Languages : en Pages : 666
Book Description
Calcium's importance in health and disease is clear when listing its multiple roles in the body, this edited volume will pool knowledge across scientific disciplines in a way that increases its applicability to a wide range of audiences and fills the gap identified in providing comprehensive synopses of food substances.
Author: Liangli L. Yu Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 0813818397 Category : Technology & Engineering Languages : en Pages : 329
Book Description
Cereal and pulse crops are staple foods that provide essential nutrients to many populations of the world. Traditionally, whole grains were consumed but most current foods are derived from refined fractions of cereal and pulse crops. Consumption of processed or refined products may reduce the health benefits of food. In wheat-based processed foods, for example, the removed 40% of the grain (mainly the bran and the germ of the wheat grain) contains the majority of the health beneficial components. These components, particularly non-essential phytochemicals such as carotenoids, polyphenols, phytosterols/ stanols, and dietary fibers, have been shown to reduce the risk of major chronic diseases of humans, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and Parkinson’s disease. Such bioactives are therefore good candidates for ingredients of nutraceuticals and functional foods. There are many factors that can affect the bioactive content of cereal and pulse-based food ingredients, including genetics, growing and storage conditions, post-harvest treatments, food formulation and processing. All of these factors ultimately affect human health and wellness. Bioavailability is also important for these compounds for exerting their protective roles. Cereals and Pulses: Nutraceutical Properties and Health Benefits provides a summary of current research findings related to phytochemical composition and properties of cereal and pulse crops. The nutraceutical properties of each major cereal and pulse are discussed. Coverage of cereals and pulse crops includes barley, oats, rice, rye, corn, adlay, wheat, buckwheat, psyllium, sorghum, millet, common beans, field peas, faba beans, chickpea, lentil and soybeans. Chapters for each crop discuss methods to improve crop utilization, nutraceutical components and properties, bioactive compositions, antioxidant properties, beneficial health effects, disease prevention activities, and areas for future research. Also included are two chapters that examine the beneficial health properties of dietary fibers and antioxidants. Edited and written by an international team of respected researchers, this book is a reference guide for scientists working in food ingredients, food product research and development, functional foods and nutraceuticals, crop breeding and genetics, human nutrition, post-harvest treatment and processing of cereal grains and pulses. It will enable them to effect value-added food innovation for health promotion and disease risk reduction.
Author: May Cheung
Author: May Cheung
Author: Abeer M Mahmoud
Author: Hassane Zouhal
Author: Christiane Jbeily
Author: Institute of Medicine
Author: Abeer M. Mahmoud
Author: Claire Berryman
Author: Victor R. Preedy
Author: Liangli L. Yu
Author: Peng An