The Role of Glia in Plasticity and Behavior PDF Download
Are you looking for read ebook online? Search for your book and save it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Download The Role of Glia in Plasticity and Behavior PDF full book. Access full book title The Role of Glia in Plasticity and Behavior by Vladimir Parpura. Download full books in PDF and EPUB format.
Author: Vladimir Parpura Publisher: Frontiers Media SA ISBN: 2889196909 Category : Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry Languages : en Pages : 106
Book Description
Glial cells are no longer considered passive bystanders in neuronal brain circuits. Not only are they required for housekeeping and brain metabolism, they are active participants in regulating the physiological function and plasticity of brain circuits and the online control of behavior both in invertebrate and vertebrate model systems. In invertebrates, glial cells are essential for normal function of sensory organs (C. elegans) and necessary for the circadian regulation of locomotor activity (D. melanogaster). In the mamallian brain, astrocytes are implicated in the regulation of cortical brain rhythms and sleep homeostasis. Disruption of AMPA receptor function in a subset of glial cell types in mice shows behavioral deficits. Furthermore, genetic disruption of glial cell function can directly control behavioral output. Regulation of ionic gradients by glia can underlie bistability of neurons and can modulate the fidelity of synaptic transmission. Grafting of human glial progenitor cells in mouse forebrain results in human glial chimeric mice with enhanced plasticity and improved behavioral performance, suggesting that astrocytes have evolved to cope with information processing in more complex brains. Taken together, current evidence is strongly suggestive that glial cells are essential contributors to information processing in the brain. This Research Topic compiles recent research that shows how the molecular mechanisms underlying glial cell function can be dissected, reviews their impact on plasticity and behavior across species and presents novel approaches to further probe their function.
Author: Vladimir Parpura Publisher: Frontiers Media SA ISBN: 2889196909 Category : Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry Languages : en Pages : 106
Book Description
Glial cells are no longer considered passive bystanders in neuronal brain circuits. Not only are they required for housekeeping and brain metabolism, they are active participants in regulating the physiological function and plasticity of brain circuits and the online control of behavior both in invertebrate and vertebrate model systems. In invertebrates, glial cells are essential for normal function of sensory organs (C. elegans) and necessary for the circadian regulation of locomotor activity (D. melanogaster). In the mamallian brain, astrocytes are implicated in the regulation of cortical brain rhythms and sleep homeostasis. Disruption of AMPA receptor function in a subset of glial cell types in mice shows behavioral deficits. Furthermore, genetic disruption of glial cell function can directly control behavioral output. Regulation of ionic gradients by glia can underlie bistability of neurons and can modulate the fidelity of synaptic transmission. Grafting of human glial progenitor cells in mouse forebrain results in human glial chimeric mice with enhanced plasticity and improved behavioral performance, suggesting that astrocytes have evolved to cope with information processing in more complex brains. Taken together, current evidence is strongly suggestive that glial cells are essential contributors to information processing in the brain. This Research Topic compiles recent research that shows how the molecular mechanisms underlying glial cell function can be dissected, reviews their impact on plasticity and behavior across species and presents novel approaches to further probe their function.
Author: Brian D. Gulbransen Publisher: Biota Publishing ISBN: 1615046615 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 72
Book Description
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a complex neural network embedded in the gut wall that orchestrates the reflex behaviors of the intestine. The ENS is often referred to as the “little brain” in the gut because the ENS is more similar in size, complexity and autonomy to the central nervous system (CNS) than other components of the autonomic nervous system. Like the brain, the ENS is composed of neurons that are surrounded by glial cells. Enteric glia are a unique type of peripheral glia that are similar to astrocytes of the CNS. Yet enteric glial cells also differ from astrocytes in many important ways. The roles of enteric glial cell populations in the gut are beginning to come to light and recent evidence implicates enteric glia in almost every aspect of gastrointestinal physiology and pathophysiology. However, elucidating the exact mechanisms by which enteric glia influence gastrointestinal physiology and identifying how those roles are altered during gastrointestinal pathophysiology remain areas of intense research. The purpose of this e-book is to provide an introduction to enteric glial cells and to act as a resource for ongoing studies on this fascinating population of glia. Table of Contents: Introduction / A Historical Perspective on Enteric Glia / Enteric Glia: The Astroglia of the Gut / Molecular Composition of Enteric Glia / Development of Enteric Glia / Functional Roles of Enteric Glia / Enteric Glia and Disease Processes in the Gut / Concluding Remarks / References / Author Biography
Author: R. Douglas Fields Publisher: Simon and Schuster ISBN: 1439160430 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 631
Book Description
Despite everything that has been written about the brain, a potentially critical part of this vital organ has been overlooked—until now. The Other Brain examines the growing importance of glia, which make up approximately 85 percent of the cells in the brain, and the role they play in how the brain functions, malfunctions, and heals itself. Long neglected as little more than cerebral packing material, glia (meaning “glue”) are now known to regulate the flow of information between neurons and to repair the brain and spinal cord after injury and stroke. But scientists are also discovering that diseased and damaged glia play a significant role in psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia and depression, and in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. Diseased glia cause brain cancer and multiple sclerosis and are linked to infectious diseases such as HIV and prion disease (mad cow disease, for example) and to chronic pain. The more we learn about these cells that make up the “other” brain, the more important they seem to be. Written by a neuroscientist who is a leader in glial research, The Other Brain gives readers a much more complete understanding of how the brain works and an intriguing look at potentially revolutionary developments in brain science and medicine.
Author: Neurosciences Institute (New York, N.Y.) Publisher: Wiley-Interscience ISBN: Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 808
Book Description
This book consists of five sections. The first section details methods for analyzing both presynaptic and postsynaptic function and emphasizes the molecular aspects of synapses. It describes ongoing studies of neurotransmitter release, voltage- sensitive ion channels, and electronic transmission at gap junctions. The second section focuses on the growing menagerie of neurotransmitters: their catagorization into chemical families, their relation to ion channels, their modulation by second messenger systems and their role in pharmacologic action. The third section considers the important relationship of transmitter diversity and synaptic types to the behavior of actual cellular networks. All of the studies described in these sections point to the necessity of considering interactions between anatomy, chemistry, physiology and pharmacology if synaptic function is to be understood at any one of these levels of analysis.
Author: Federico Bermudez-Rattoni Publisher: CRC Press ISBN: 1420008412 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 368
Book Description
A comprehensive, multidisciplinary review, Neural Plasticity and Memory: From Genes to Brain Imaging provides an in-depth, up-to-date analysis of the study of the neurobiology of memory. Leading specialists share their scientific experience in the field, covering a wide range of topics where molecular, genetic, behavioral, and brain imaging techniq
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309069882 Category : Social Science Languages : en Pages : 610
Book Description
How we raise young children is one of today's most highly personalized and sharply politicized issues, in part because each of us can claim some level of "expertise." The debate has intensified as discoveries about our development-in the womb and in the first months and years-have reached the popular media. How can we use our burgeoning knowledge to assure the well-being of all young children, for their own sake as well as for the sake of our nation? Drawing from new findings, this book presents important conclusions about nature-versus-nurture, the impact of being born into a working family, the effect of politics on programs for children, the costs and benefits of intervention, and other issues. The committee issues a series of challenges to decision makers regarding the quality of child care, issues of racial and ethnic diversity, the integration of children's cognitive and emotional development, and more. Authoritative yet accessible, From Neurons to Neighborhoods presents the evidence about "brain wiring" and how kids learn to speak, think, and regulate their behavior. It examines the effect of the climate-family, child care, community-within which the child grows.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 124
Book Description
Despite widespread abuse, high socioeconomic costs, and substantial research investment, the basic mechanisms of alcohol action on the brain remain poorly understood. This is partly due to the physiological complexity of alcohol's effects and the long term progressive nature of alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Further, mammalian models of AUD endophenotypes require high levels of resources and time. One approach that has promise is to use invertebrate model organisms to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of behavioral adaptations to acute ethanol exposure. The fruit fly Drosophila, is a classic model organism for defining the molecules and neural circuits that drive animal behavior. The molecular makeup of the fly brain is remarkably conserved with that of mammals. Moreover, both flies and humans have a long history of association with alcohol, suggesting that behaviors like craving, drinking, and reward are coded similarly. Indeed, dopamine signaling underlies the hyperactivating and rewarding properties of ethanol across species. Flies, like humans, become inebriated, develop ethanol tolerance, ethanol preference, and ethanol reward associations, and they show signs of withdrawal. Many of these are adaptations to ethanol exposure that are forms of behavioral plasticity. How ethanol behavioral plasticity differs from non-addictive forms is key to understanding why some substances are abused. The goal of the research for this thesis was to ask if glial cells, like neuronal cells, promote behavioral plasticity induced by acute ethanol. Glial cells perform surprisingly diverse functions in the brain, including information transmission whose regulation is key to behavioral plasticity. A survey of the Drosophila glial types uncovered roles in ethanol tolerance for two types, the astrocytes that contact and regulate neuronal synapses, and the perineurial cells that form the outer surface of the blood-brain barrier. Dysregulation of glutamate homeostasis in astrocytes renders flies sensitive to acute inebriation and decreased ethanol tolerance. These ethanol phenotypes correlate with others that are early signatures of neurodegeneration caused by glutamate excitotoxicity. Perineurial cells show morphological change that correlated with reduced actin organization following acute ethanol exposure. This morphological change required Akap200, an adaptor protein that coordinates protein kinase A, protein kinase C, calcium, and actin at the perineurial plasma membrane. Loss of Akap200 either globally or specifically in the perineurium decreases ethanol tolerance development, as does disruption of many of the molecules that interact with Akap200. These Akap200 dependent functions appear to be occurring at the time of ethanol exposure. These findings indicate an active signaling role for the blood-brain barrier in the development of ethanol tolerance, and they imply that the barrier and neurons communicate to promote behavioral plasticity.
Author: Antonia Vernadakis Publisher: Humana ISBN: 9781475759648 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 516
Book Description
It has been established that neuroglia are involved in early neu ronal growth, differentiation, and migration; these issues are well discussed in the companion volume entitled Neuron-Glia Interrela tions During Phylogeny: I. Phylogeny and Ontogeny of Glial Cells. The present volume, Neuron-Glia Interrelations During Phylogeny: II. Plas ticity and Regeneration, focuses on two aspects: (1) neuron-glia inter relations as they relate to the physiological and metabolic homeostasis of neurons; and (2) the role of neuroglia and neuronal plasticity in regeneration and aging. Neuron-Glia Interrelations During Phylogeny: II. Plasticity and Regeneration begins with the unique presentation, "Neuron-Glia In teractions in the Human Fetal Brain," by Sogos et al. The interesting issue discussed in this chapter is the immunocompetence of the CNS, a field that is now rising. The chapter by Oland et al. , "Glial Cells Playa Key Role in the Construction of Insect Olfactory Glomeruli," discusses a unique role of glial cells as intermediates in afferent axon induction of substructure with the CNS. The chapter by Vanhems, "Insect Glial Cells and Their Relationships with Neurons," compliments the information presented in the companion volume by Fredieu and Mahowald and, in this volume, the chapter by Tobert and Oland. The chapter by Tsacopoulos and Poitry, "Metabolite Exchanges and Signal Trafficking Between Glial Cells and Neurons in the Insect Retina," provides evidence of the nutritive functions of glial cells and the important role of alanine supplied by glial cells to photoreceptors, a clear neuron-glia interaction.
Author: Ales Stuchlik Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand ISBN: 1789233569 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 180
Book Description
The hippocampus is an important brain region, a true central hub for memory of various kinds and other processes. Neuropsychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, drug addiction, and schizophrenia are characterized by hippocampal alterations. The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is a site exhibiting adult neurogenesis. This book covers the topic of the hippocampus from various perspectives. It discusses adult neurogenesis, effect of enriched environments on hippocampal plasticity, and long-term potentiation-associated gene expression. The book also addresses multiscale representations of complex environments and strategies in the hippocampus-dependent spatial tasks. Finally, insight into the hippocampus as a link between negative affect and relapse to psychostimulants is provided. The book collects evidence of various hippocampal functions in healthy and disordered brain.
Author: Vladimir Parpura
Author: Vladimir Parpura
Author: Peter R. Laming
Author: Brian D. Gulbransen
Author: R. Douglas Fields
Author: Neurosciences Institute (New York, N.Y.)
Author: Federico Bermudez-Rattoni
Author: National Research Council
Author: 
Author: Antonia Vernadakis
Author: Ales Stuchlik