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Author: Vijay Sarthy Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 0306468417 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 290
Book Description
The human brain contains more than a billion neurons which interconnect to form networks that process, store, and recall sensory information. These neuronal activities are supported by a group of accessory brain cells coll- tively known as neuroglia. Surprisingly, glial cells are ten times more - merous than neurons, and occupy more than half the brain volume (Hydén, 1961). Although long considered a passive, albeit necessary, component of the nervous system, many interesting and unusual functional properties of glial cells are only now being brought to light. As a result, the status of these cellular elements is approaching parity with nerve cells as a subject for experimental study. The term glia (or glue) seems today to be a misnomer in view of the diverse functions attributed to glial cells. Experimental studies in the last three decades have clearly established that the behavior of glial cells is far from passive, and that they are at least as complex as neurons with regard to their membrane properties. In addition, glial cells are of importance in signal processing, cellular metabolism, nervous system development, and the pathophysiology of neurological diseases. The Müller cell of the ver- brate retina provides a splendid example of an accessory cell that exhibits features illustrating every aspect of the complex behavior now associated with glial cells.
Author: Vijay Sarthy Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 0306468417 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 290
Book Description
The human brain contains more than a billion neurons which interconnect to form networks that process, store, and recall sensory information. These neuronal activities are supported by a group of accessory brain cells coll- tively known as neuroglia. Surprisingly, glial cells are ten times more - merous than neurons, and occupy more than half the brain volume (Hydén, 1961). Although long considered a passive, albeit necessary, component of the nervous system, many interesting and unusual functional properties of glial cells are only now being brought to light. As a result, the status of these cellular elements is approaching parity with nerve cells as a subject for experimental study. The term glia (or glue) seems today to be a misnomer in view of the diverse functions attributed to glial cells. Experimental studies in the last three decades have clearly established that the behavior of glial cells is far from passive, and that they are at least as complex as neurons with regard to their membrane properties. In addition, glial cells are of importance in signal processing, cellular metabolism, nervous system development, and the pathophysiology of neurological diseases. The Müller cell of the ver- brate retina provides a splendid example of an accessory cell that exhibits features illustrating every aspect of the complex behavior now associated with glial cells.
Author: M.B. Djamgoz Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9401105332 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 503
Book Description
This book deals with the cellular biology, biochemistry and physiology of photoreceptors and their interactions with the second-order neurons, bipolar and horizontal cells. The focus is upon the contributions made by these neurons to vision. Thus the basic neurobiology of the outer retina is related to the visual process, and visual defects that could arise from abnormalities in this part of the retina are highlighted in the first 16 chapters. Since all vertebrate retinas have the same basic structure and physiological plan, examples are given from a variety of species, with an emphasis upon mammals, extending to human vision. The last four chapters approach the problem from the other end. This part of the book covers a range of clinical conditions involving visual abnormalities that are due to cellular defects in the outer retina. Although the contents of this book do not represent the proceedings of a conference, the concept arose at an international symposium on 'Recent Advances in Retinal Research' which was held at the International Marine Centre in Oristano, Sardinia. We hope that the book will give a coherent, up to date review of the neurobiology and clinical aspects of the outer retina and encourage further integration of these areas. Retinal neurobiology has been an intense field of investigation for several decades. More recently, it has seen significant advances with the application of modern techniques of cell and molecular biology.
Author: Wolf Krebs Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1461390958 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 178
Book Description
Contents Introduction .......................................... . 1 The Primate Eye ...................................... . 2 Embryology of Retina and Choroid ....................... . 4 Microscopic Anatomy .................................. . 4 Retina ............................................ . 4 Choroid ........................................... . 8 Material and Methods .................................. . 10 Fine Structure of the Retina 14 RetinaI Pigment Epithelium ............................. . 16 Photoreceptor Cells ................................... . 30 Outer Plexiform Layer and Horizontal Cells .................. . 64 Bipolar, Radial Clial, and Amacrine Cells .................... . 76 Canglion Cells and InternaI Limiting Membrane ............... . 98 Spatial Density of RetinaI Cells .......................... . 112 Fine Structure of the Choroid ........................... . 116 Choroidocapillaris and Its Fiber System ..................... . 118 Arteries, Veins, and Lymphatic Spaces ...................... . 134 Choroidal Nerves .................................... . 142 Cells of Choroidal Connective Tissue ....................... . 148 References ........................................... . 153 Index ................................................ . 157 vii This volume describes the morphology of the primate re tina as seen with the electron microscope. As it is an atlas, the electron micrographs are its most In trad lietian important part. The text accompanies the figures, highlighting selected topics either to explain structures or to point out structure-function relation ships. A scholarly review of the whole spectrum of research on the re tina and choroid is not feasible in a single volume. Thus, whenever available, review artides or monographs, rather than original work, are cited for reference.
Author: Hubert Vaudry Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 9781402073069 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 432
Book Description
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide is the first volume to be written on the neuropeptide PACAP. It covers all domains of PACAP from molecular and cellular aspects to physiological activities and promises for new therapeutic strategies. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide is the twentieth volume published in the Endocrine Updates book series under the Series Editorship of Shlomo Melmed, MD.
Author: Maurice Ptito Publisher: Mdpi AG ISBN: 9783036526539 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 498
Book Description
Vision is the most important sense in higher mammals. The retina is the first step in visual processing and the window to the brain. It is not surprising that problems arising in the retina lead to moderate to severe visual impairments. We offer here a collection of reviews as well as original papers dealing with various aspects of retinal function as well as dysfunction. New approaches in retinal research are described, such as the expression and localization of the endocannabinoid system in the normal retina and the role of cannabinoid receptors that could offer new avenues of research in the development of potential treatments for retinal diseases. Moreover, new insights are offered in advancing knowledge towards the prevention and cure of visual pathologies, mainly AMD, RP, and diabetic retinopathy.
Author: David S. Williams Publisher: World Scientific ISBN: 9789812561756 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 460
Book Description
This important book presents review articles on the cell biology of photoreceptor and RPE cells, as well as the relationship between this cell biology and inherited photoreceptor degeneration. The chapters have been written by leaders in the field. The vision scientist will see this book as a review of photoreceptor and RPE cell biology, and known molecular bases of many forms of retinitis pigmentosa and related retinal degeneration.
Author: Andreas Bringmann Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0323904688 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 292
Book Description
The Fovea: Structure, Function, Development, and Disease summarizes the current biological knowledge regarding the two types of the vertebrate fovea (and its main structural elements, the Müller cells). This information is then used to explain different aspects of human vision, foveal development, and macular disorders. Sections give an overview of the retinal structure and the different types of retinal glia, survey the structure and function of the primate and non-mammalian fovea types, discuss foveal development—with a focus on the human fovea, cover the roles of Müller cells and astrocytes in the pathogenesis and regeneration of various human macular disorders are described. Using a translational approach, this reference is a valuable text for scientists, clinicians and physicians interested in the fovea. Readers will gain a new understanding of the cellular basics of the fovea, which is the most important part of the eye. - Adopts a translational approach, summarizing the biological knowledge regarding the structure and function of the fovea, the roles of Müller cells in mediating the structural integrity, and function of the fovea - Provides overviews of both basic types of the vertebrate fovea, countering the popular belief that there is only one type of the vertebrate fovea, the human fovea - Thoroughly shows the mechanisms involved in the development of the fovea that explain the rapid improvement of visual acuity in newborns - Explains pathological changes in the foveal structure and function with evaluation pointing toward possible prevention and/or cure
Author: Rhian M. Touyz Publisher: Springer ISBN: 3030164810 Category : Medical Languages : en Pages : 497
Book Description
This textbook focuses on the vascular biology and physiology that underlie vascular disorders in clinical medicine. Vascular biomedicine is a rapidly growing field as new molecular mechanisms of vascular health and disease are unraveled. Many of the major cardiovascular diseases including coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke and vascular dementia are diseases of the vasculature. In addition vascular injury underpins conditions like kidney failure and cardiovascular complications of diabetes. This field is truly multidisciplinary involving scientists in many domains such as molecular and vascular biology, cardiovascular physiology and pharmacology and immunology and inflammation. Clinically, specialists across multiple disciplines are involved in the management of patients with vascular disorders, including cardiologists, nephrologists, endocrinologists, neurologists and vascular surgeons. This book covers a wide range of topics and provides an overview of the discipline of vascular biomedicine without aiming at in-depth reviews, but rather offering up-to-date knowledge organized in concise and structured chapters, with key points and pertinent references. The structure of the content provides an integrative and translational approach from basic science (e.g. stem cells) to clinical medicine (e.g. cardiovascular disease). The content of this book is targeted to those who are new in the field of vascular biology and vascular medicine and is ideal for medical students, graduate and postgraduate students, clinical fellows and academic clinicians with an interest in the vascular biology and physiology of cardiovascular disease and related pathologies.
Author: Vijay Sarthy
Author: Vijay Sarthy
Author: Helga Kolb
Author: M.B. Djamgoz
Author: Wolf Krebs
Author: Hubert Vaudry
Author: John E. Dowling
Author: Maurice Ptito
Author: David S. Williams
Author: Andreas Bringmann
Author: Rhian M. Touyz