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Author: Dan Simon Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
We suggest that making decisions from multiple pieces of evidence is performed by mechanisms of constraint satisfaction. Such reasoning is bi-directional - decisions follow from the evidence, but evaluations of the evidence shift towards coherence with the emerging decision. Using a factually complex legal case, we found that patterns of coherence shifts remained constant even when the distribution of decisions was manipulated by changes in the strength of the evidence (Study 1) and standard of proof (Study 2). Similar shifts were found across participants with different attitudes (Study 3). When participants changed their preferred decision, the evaluation of the facts dovetailed with the new preference (Study 4). Supporting the bi-directionality of reasoning, Study 5 showed that assigning participants to a verdict strongly affected their evaluation of the evidence. Coherence mechanisms also influenced evaluations of related background knowledge. Implications for algebraic models of judgment (Bayes Theorem and Information Integration Theory) and for the Story Model (Pennington & Hastie, 1986) are discussed. This research argues that Cognitive Consistency Theories should play a greater role in the understanding of human cognition.
Author: Dan Simon Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 0
Book Description
We suggest that making decisions from multiple pieces of evidence is performed by mechanisms of constraint satisfaction. Such reasoning is bi-directional - decisions follow from the evidence, but evaluations of the evidence shift towards coherence with the emerging decision. Using a factually complex legal case, we found that patterns of coherence shifts remained constant even when the distribution of decisions was manipulated by changes in the strength of the evidence (Study 1) and standard of proof (Study 2). Similar shifts were found across participants with different attitudes (Study 3). When participants changed their preferred decision, the evaluation of the facts dovetailed with the new preference (Study 4). Supporting the bi-directionality of reasoning, Study 5 showed that assigning participants to a verdict strongly affected their evaluation of the evidence. Coherence mechanisms also influenced evaluations of related background knowledge. Implications for algebraic models of judgment (Bayes Theorem and Information Integration Theory) and for the Story Model (Pennington & Hastie, 1986) are discussed. This research argues that Cognitive Consistency Theories should play a greater role in the understanding of human cognition.
Author: Shel Feldman Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 1483272826 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 327
Book Description
Cognitive Consistency: Motivational Antecedents and Behavioral presents the behavioral implications of the motivation for consistency. This book discusses the relationship between assumptions and motivation for consistency. Organized into nine chapters, this book begins with an overview of the area of study, empirical problems, and theoretical issues. This text then examines the nature of the motivation for consistency. Other chapters consider the effects of the formal aspects of cognitions. This book discusses as well the behavioral implications of consistency-seeking and the development of theories of cognitive consistency. The final chapter deals with the extent to which the motivation for consistency is based upon cognitive or social consideration. This book is a valuable resource for readers who are interested in attitude formation and change, in particular, and those interested in social psychology and communications, in general. Psychologists, communications specialists, researchers, and theorists working in the scope of the consistency theories will also find this book useful.
Author: Bertram Gawronski Publisher: Guilford Press ISBN: 1609189469 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 514
Book Description
This volume provides an overview of recent research on the nature, causes, and consequences of cognitive consistency. In 21 chapters, leading scholars address the pivotal role of consistency principles at various levels of social information processing, ranging from micro-level to macro-level processes. The book's scope encompasses mental representation, processing fluency and motivational fit, implicit social cognition, thinking and reasoning, decision making and choice, and interpersonal processes. Key findings, emerging themes, and current directions in the field are explored, and important questions for future research identified.
Author: Joel Cooper Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1317509625 Category : Psychology Languages : en Pages : 353
Book Description
The Science of Attitudes is the first book to integrate classic and modern research in the field of attitudes at a scholarly level. Designed primarily for advanced undergraduates and graduate students, the presentation of research will also be useful for current scholars in all disciplines who are interested in how attitudes are formed and changed. The treatment of attitudes is both thorough and unique, taking a historical approach while simultaneously highlighting contemporary views and controversies. The book traces attitudes research from the inception of scientific study following World War II to the issues and methods of research that are prominent features of today’s research. Researchers in the field of attitudes will be particularly interested in classic and modern research on the organization, structure, strength and function of attitudes. Researchers in the field of persuasion will be particularly interested in work on attitude change focusing on propositional and associative learning, metacognition and dynamic theories of dissonance, balance and reactance. The book is designed to present the integration of the properties of the attitude with the dynamic considerations of attitude change. The Science of Attitudes is also the first book on attitudes to devote entire chapters to work on implicit measurements, resistance to persuasion, and social neuroscience.
Author: Anne-Sophie Chaxel Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 188
Book Description
The dissertation is composed of three papers, and attempts to unravel the impact of two potential drivers of biases in judgment and decision-making: cognitive consistency and associative reasoning. The first paper is a literature review of cognitive consistency theories. The seminal paradigm and the major theories it spawned are first described and integrated into a unified framework. In addition, this framework is used to propose a new set of research questions in consumer psychology. The second paper is a methodological paper, which primes cognitive consistency as a goal and tracks its influence on judgment and decision-making. Three initial studies demonstrate that the developed method successfully activates the goal of cognitive consistency. Three additional studies track the influence of cognitive consistency on three cognitive biases: the desirability bias, the influence of expectations on experience, and selective exposure. The third paper investigates associative reasoning as another driver of biases in judgment and decision-making. A method to prime associative reasoning is proposed. Then four studies observe its influence on four biases in judgment and decision-making: the availability heuristic, the representativeness heuristic, the sunk cost fallacy, and mental model fallacies.
Author: Dan Simon
Author: Dan Simon
Author: Robert P. Abelson
Author: Shel Feldman
Author: 
Author: James K. Hertog
Author: 
Author: Bertram Gawronski
Author: Joel Cooper
Author: Anne-Sophie Chaxel
Author: Don Ronchi