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Author: Gloria Carrión Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Nicaragua has gone through profound political, economic and social transitions in recent decades. Following a turbulent history of dictatorship (Somoza 1936-1979), the Sandinista revolution (1979-1989) and neoliberal adjustment (1990-2006), it remains one of the poorest countries in Latin America, second only to Haiti. Periods of high social tension and violence were followed by relative peace and democratic transitions. Social conflicts and contradictions, however, have continued to emerge. These dynamics have circumscribed strategies for mobilizing financial resources for development. In 2007, the Sandinistas (Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional - FSLN) returned to power continuing the economic liberalization policies of former neoliberal governments, directly contradicting the policy stance the FSLN had pursued in the 1980s. While president Ortega achieved some successes regarding the economy as a result of the implementation of several social and economic empowerment and food security programmes, major challenges remain, particularly in areas like civil society participation, institutional building, human rights, and democratization. This paper shows that when strong state-society relations are fostered; effective bargaining and inclusive participation of civil society in social policy making and spending occurs; the state secures mechanisms to prevent elite capture of resources; civil society successfully mobilizes and negotiates with the state regarding the distribution of revenues from extractive industries; and democratization and institution building processes are strengthened, social policy spending tends to increase and expand. In Nicaragua, distinct political periods are associated with different strategies and outcomes regarding both social spending and mobilization of fiscal revenues. The extent to which these strategies have positively impacted social development show important links with the quality of state-society relations.
Author: Gloria Carrión Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Nicaragua has gone through profound political, economic and social transitions in recent decades. Following a turbulent history of dictatorship (Somoza 1936-1979), the Sandinista revolution (1979-1989) and neoliberal adjustment (1990-2006), it remains one of the poorest countries in Latin America, second only to Haiti. Periods of high social tension and violence were followed by relative peace and democratic transitions. Social conflicts and contradictions, however, have continued to emerge. These dynamics have circumscribed strategies for mobilizing financial resources for development. In 2007, the Sandinistas (Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional - FSLN) returned to power continuing the economic liberalization policies of former neoliberal governments, directly contradicting the policy stance the FSLN had pursued in the 1980s. While president Ortega achieved some successes regarding the economy as a result of the implementation of several social and economic empowerment and food security programmes, major challenges remain, particularly in areas like civil society participation, institutional building, human rights, and democratization. This paper shows that when strong state-society relations are fostered; effective bargaining and inclusive participation of civil society in social policy making and spending occurs; the state secures mechanisms to prevent elite capture of resources; civil society successfully mobilizes and negotiates with the state regarding the distribution of revenues from extractive industries; and democratization and institution building processes are strengthened, social policy spending tends to increase and expand. In Nicaragua, distinct political periods are associated with different strategies and outcomes regarding both social spending and mobilization of fiscal revenues. The extent to which these strategies have positively impacted social development show important links with the quality of state-society relations.
Author: Rose J. Spalding Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1000535428 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 268
Book Description
This book, first published in 1987, is a solid, analytical exploration of the complex dynamics of the revolutionary economic transformation from 1979 to 1986. This collection of eleven essays provides a clear picture of the goals, internal debates, external influences and shifting policy decisions which affected the efforts of the Sandinista government. They help to clarify the dynamics between soaring food prices and falling wages, and explain the complex relationship between the private sector and the state. They also document the policies of the Reagan administration toward the Sandinista government.
Author: Katja Hujo Publisher: Springer Nature ISBN: 3030375951 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 470
Book Description
At a time when the development community is grappling with the challenge of raising the required investment—estimated in the trillions of dollars—for attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), countries’ mobilization of their own fiscal revenues is receiving increasing attention. This edited volume discusses the political and institutional contexts that enable poor countries to mobilize domestic resources for global commitments and national development priorities. It examines the processes and mechanisms that connect the politics of resource mobilization and demands for social provision; changes in state-citizen, state-business and donor-recipient relations associated with resource mobilization and allocation; and governance reforms that can lead to improved and sustainable public revenues and services. The volume is unique in putting a spotlight on the political drivers of domestic resource mobilization in a rapidly changing global environment and in different country contexts in Latin America, Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. It will appeal to a broad academic audience in the fields of economics, development studies and social policy, as well as practitioners, activists and policy makers.
Author: Hilda María Gutiérrez Elizondo Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
This paper seeks to contribute to the global debate on the political and institutional contexts that enable impoverished countries to mobilize domestic resources for social development. More specifically, the paper aims to contribute knowledge and policy analysis about how to improve understanding of the politics of domestic revenue mobilization from the mining industry and resource bargains in developing countries. The potential impact of mining on resource mobilization for social development in Nicaragua will be analysed using two entry points: Firstly, economic benefits of mining and, secondly, political and institutional aspects. The main hypothesis of this study is that current political and institutional aspects weaken the stateś ability to mobilize resources for social development from the mining industry. These political and institutional aspects refer to the distribution of power and relationships between key actors; both in terms of who participate in negotiation processes and also in the outcomes of negotiations. At the local level, this is reflected in the way mining concessions and mining permits are granted. In the case of Nicaragua, resource bargains are being negotiated with mining companies. However, at present there are no citizen groups strong enough to pressure the state to raise the level of taxes paid by mining companies or improve environmental monitoring. This is evidenced by the fact that despite the boom in commodity prices in the mining industry, the fiscal regime has remained the same since its establishment in 2001. The results of the study indicate that the mining industry in Nicaragua provides some economic benefits. However, these benefits have been overshadowed by setbacks related to social and environmental impacts; specifically, the participation of civil society in decision-making.
Author: T. Mkandawire Publisher: Springer ISBN: 0230523978 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 362
Book Description
Drawing upon both conceptual and empirical evidence, this volume argues the case for the centrality of social policy in development, focusing particularly on the message that social policy needs to be closely intertwined with economic policy. It is argued that social policy can provide the crucial link between economic development poverty eradication and equity. This volume is a significant contribution to thinking about social policy in a development context.
Author: International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept. Publisher: International Monetary Fund ISBN: 1498339247 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 86
Book Description
The Fund has long played a lead role in supporting developing countries’ efforts to improve their revenue mobilization. This paper draws on that experience to review issues and good practice, and to assess prospects in this key area.
Author: Victoria González-Rivera Publisher: Penn State Press ISBN: 0271068027 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 254
Book Description
Those who survived the brutal dictatorship of the Somoza family have tended to portray the rise of the women’s movement and feminist activism as part of the overall story of the anti-Somoza resistance. But this depiction of heroic struggle obscures a much more complicated history. As Victoria González-Rivera reveals in this book, some Nicaraguan women expressed early interest in eliminating the tyranny of male domination, and this interest grew into full-fledged campaigns for female suffrage and access to education by the 1880s. By the 1920s a feminist movement had emerged among urban, middle-class women, and it lasted for two more decades until it was eclipsed in the 1950s by a nonfeminist movement of mainly Catholic, urban, middle-class and working-class women who supported the liberal, populist, patron-clientelistic regime of the Somozas in return for the right to vote and various economic, educational, and political opportunities. Counterintuitively, it was actually the Somozas who encouraged women's participation in the public sphere (as long as they remained loyal Somocistas). Their opponents, the Sandinistas and Conservatives, often appealed to women through their maternal identity. What emerges from this fine-grained analysis is a picture of a much more complex political landscape than that portrayed by the simplifying myths of current Nicaraguan historiography, and we can now see why and how the Somoza dictatorship did not endure by dint of fear and compulsion alone.
Author: Rowan Lubbock Publisher: University of Georgia Press ISBN: 082036603X Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 238
Book Description
"Launched in 2004, the Latin American regional institution of ALBA (Alianza Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra: Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America) sought to overcome the historical legacies of neo-colonial domination by consecrating the values of cooperation, inclusive development, and popular power. As part of a region-wide effort among states and social movements to break the socio-ecologically destructive effects of capitalist agriculture, the elevation of food sovereignty - based on the protections of rural livelihoods, land redistribution and sustainable agricultural production (agroecology) - became a cornerstone of ALBA's development policy. And yet, these regional aspirations barely saw the light of day, while Venezuela (the beating heart of ALBA) experienced the worst food crisis in its history. How did this come to pass? Based on extensive fieldwork in Venezuela, where the majority of ALBA's food policies reside, Cultivating Socialism provides the first in-depth study of the ways in which peasants, workers and states attempted to redress the inequities of commercialised agriculture, and the limits and contradictions encountered on the road to a regional food sovereignty regime. The politics of food sovereignty within ALBA thus offers important lessons for how we might think about emancipatory politics today, and for the future"--
Author: Paul Hare Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 1135080860 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 683
Book Description
Transition from central planning to a market economy, involving large-scale institutional change and reforms at all levels, is often described as the greatest social science experiment in modern times. As more than two decades have passed since the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union, it is now an excellent time to take stock of how the transition process has turned out for the economies that have moved on from socialism and the command economy. This new handbook assembles a team of leading experts, many of whom were closely involved in the transition process as policymakers and policy advisors, to explore the major themes that have characterized the transition process. After identifying the nature of initial conditions and the strengths and weaknesses of institutions, the varying paths and reforms countries have taken are fully analyzed – from the shock therapy, privatization or gradualism of the early years to the burning issues of the present including global integration and sustainable growth. Topics covered include the socialist system pre-transition, economic reforms, institutions, the political economy of transition, performance and growth, enterprise restructuring, and people and transition. The country coverage is also extensive, from the former socialist countries of the USSR and the satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe to the Asian countries of China, Vietnam and others. The rise of China as a key actor in the drama is chronicled, along with the emergence of a new, more confident, oil-rich Russia. The comparative prosperity of the Central European countries such as Poland and the Czech Republic is contrasted with the mixed fortunes of the former USSR, where some countries are stagnating while others boom. This Handbook of the Economics and Political Economy of Transition is the definitive guide to this new order of things in the former Communist world.
Author: Gloria Carrión
Author: Gloria Carrión
Author: Rose J. Spalding
Author: Katja Hujo
Author: Hilda María Gutiérrez Elizondo
Author: Rose J. Spalding
Author: T. Mkandawire
Author: International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept.
Author: Victoria González-Rivera
Author: Rowan Lubbock
Author: Paul Hare