The Photosynthetic and Stomatal Response of Medicago Sativa Cv. Saranac to Free-air CO[sub 2] Enrichment (F.A.C.E.) and Nitrogen PDF Download
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Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Plots of Medicago sativa cv. saranac were grown in the field at ambient (355[mu]mol CO[sub 2] mol[sup -1] air) or elevated (600[mu]mol CO[sub 2] mol[sup -1] air) CO[sub 2] concentrations. High (200kg yr[sup -1]) or low (20kg yr[sup -1]) nitrogen levels were applied to two isogeneic lines, one able and one unable to use nitrogen fixing bacteria. Plants were in the second year of field growth. Exposure to elevated CO[sub 2] was via a Free-Air CO[sub 2] Enrichment System (FACE). Elevated CO[sub 2] increased diurnal assimilation by between 12% and 92%. Analysis of A/C[sub i] responses showed that effective nitrogen fertilisation was more important to rubisCO and RuBP activity than elevated CO[sub 2]. No acclimation was consistently observed. Leaves lower down the canopy were found to have lower Vc[sub max] and J[sub max] values, though age may be the cause of the latter effect. FACE conditions have only a small effect on these responses. There was some evidence found for the down-regulation of photosynthesis in the late afternoon. The FACE conditions had no affect on stomatal density but did increase epidermal cell density.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Plots of Medicago sativa cv. saranac were grown in the field at ambient (355[mu]mol CO[sub 2] mol[sup -1] air) or elevated (600[mu]mol CO[sub 2] mol[sup -1] air) CO[sub 2] concentrations. High (200kg yr[sup -1]) or low (20kg yr[sup -1]) nitrogen levels were applied to two isogeneic lines, one able and one unable to use nitrogen fixing bacteria. Plants were in the second year of field growth. Exposure to elevated CO[sub 2] was via a Free-Air CO[sub 2] Enrichment System (FACE). Elevated CO[sub 2] increased diurnal assimilation by between 12% and 92%. Analysis of A/C[sub i] responses showed that effective nitrogen fertilisation was more important to rubisCO and RuBP activity than elevated CO[sub 2]. No acclimation was consistently observed. Leaves lower down the canopy were found to have lower Vc[sub max] and J[sub max] values, though age may be the cause of the latter effect. FACE conditions have only a small effect on these responses. There was some evidence found for the down-regulation of photosynthesis in the late afternoon. The FACE conditions had no affect on stomatal density but did increase epidermal cell density.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 70
Book Description
Plots of Medicago sativa cv. saranac were grown in the field at ambient (355 [mu]mol CO2 mol−1 air) or elevated (600[mu]mol CO2 mol−1 air) CO2 concentrations. High (200kg yr−1) or low (20kg yr−1) nitrogen levels were applied to two isogeneic lines, one able and one unable to use nitrogen fixing bacteria. Plants were in the second year of field growth. Exposure to elevated CO2 was via a Free-Air CO2 Enrichment System (FACE). Elevated CO2 increased diurnal assimilation by between 12% and 92%. Analysis of A/C{sub i} responses showed that effective nitrogen fertilisation was more important to rubisCO and RuBP activity than elevated CO2. No acclimation was consistently observed. Leaves lower down the canopy were found to have lower Vc{sub max} and J{sub max} values, though age may be the cause of the latter effect. FACE conditions have only a small effect on these responses. There was some evidence found for the down-regulation of photosynthesis in the late afternoon. The FACE conditions had no affect on stomatal density but did increase epidermal cell density.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 31
Book Description
Stands of Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Bastion) were grown in the field at ambient or elevated (600[mu]mol/mol) CO2 concentration, high (560Kg/ha) or low (140Kg/ha) nitrogen addition and with a frequent (every 4 weeks) or infrequent (every 8 weeks) cutting regime. Plants were in the second year of a 3 year experiment. Exposure to elevated CO2 was carried out with a Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) system which provides the most {open_quote}realistic{close_quote} system of CO2 fumigation currently available. Elevated CO2 increased diurnal CO2 assimilation by between 34 and 88% whilst reducing rates of stomatal conductance by between 1 and 42%. However, analysis of the A vs. Ci response showed considerable acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus in response to elevated CO2 - Vc{sub max} as an in vivo measure of RubisCO activity, decreased by between 29 and 35% in high CO2, whilst J{sub max}, as a measure of the RubP regeneration capacity, showed no significant change. Two out of three additional perennial grassland species studied showed similar acclamatory behavior to Ryegrass. Diurnal assimilation rate, J{sub max} and, in most cases, Vc{sub max}, increased significantly directly after cutting of Ryegrass stands, but nitrogen treatment had little effect on any of these parameters. Neither stomatal density, stomatal index nor stomatal pore length of Ryegrass were significantly altered by growth in elevated CO2. The results are discussed in terms of the limitation imposed on maximizing photosynthetic and growth responses of Ryegrass at elevated CO2, by the ability of perennial species to increase long-term sink capacity under these conditions.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Pure stands of Ryegrass were in their third year of growth in the field, exposed to either ambient (355[mu]mol mol[sup -1]), or elevated (600[mu]mol mol[sup -1]) atmospheric CO[sub 2] concentration. A Free-Air CO[sub 2] Enrichment (FACE) system was used to maintain the elevated CO[sub 2] concentration whilst limiting experimental constraints on the field conditions. The theoretically predicted increase in the net rates of CO[sub 2] uptake per unit leaf area (A[mu]mol mol[sup -1]) as a consequence, primarily, of the suppression of photorespiration by CO[sub 2] a competitive inhibitor of RubP oxygenation by Rubisco, was observed for the Lolium perenne studied. Also observed was a general decline in leaf evapotranspiration (E) consistent with observations of increased water use efficiency of crops grown in elevated CO[sub 2]. Enhancement of leaf A in the FACE grown L. perenne ranged from 26.5 1% to 44.95% over the course of a diurnal set of measurements. Whilst reductions in leaf E reached a maximum of 16.61% over the same diurnal course of-measurements. The increase in A was reconciled with an absence of the commonly observed decline in V[sub c][sub max] as a measure of the maximum in vivo carboxylation capacity of the primary carboxylasing enzyme Rubisco and J[sub max] a measure of the maximum rate of electron transport. The manipulation of the source sink balance of the crop, stage of canopy regrowth or height in the canopy had no effect on the observation of a lack of response. The findings of this study will be interpreted with respect to the long term implications of C[sub 3] crops being able to adapt physiologically to maximize the potential benefits conferred by growth in elevated CO[sub 2].
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 38
Book Description
Understanding how photosynthetic capacity acclimates to elevated CO2 concentrations is vital in predicting the response of important grassland species such as Trifolium repens. Previous studies of acclimatization have been carried out in artificial experimental conditions, such as acrylic greenhouses or controlled environment chambers. The advent of FACE technology has enabled a large area of crop to be fumigated in the field, providing more realistic growing conditions. Pure stands of Trifolium repens L. cv. Blanca grown at either 355 or 600?mol mol−1 CO2 were examined, and their photosynthetic response to elevated Ca determined via gas exchange studies. Rates of photosynthesis of young, fully expanded leaves were increased between 21 and 36% when grown and measured at elevated CO2. This increase in A corresponded to a decrease in g{sub S} of between 18 and 52%. No acclimation effect was observed in the most frequently cut stands, whilst the response of stands clipped only 4 times per year was more variable. When down regulation of V{sub cmax} did occur, this was not nearly as marked as that which occurred in 3 other temperate species (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Ranunculus friesianus, Plantago lanceolata (L.) J. & C. Presl.), at similar growth regimes. No acclimation of stomatal frequency, SI or pore length was found to occur in the enriched clover stands.
Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 31
Book Description
Stands of Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Bastion) were grown in the field at ambient or elevated (600?mol/mol) CO2 concentration, high (560Kg/ha) or low (140Kg/ha) nitrogen addition and with a frequent (every 4 weeks) or infrequent (every 8 weeks) cutting regime. Plants were in the second year of a 3 year experiment. Exposure to elevated CO2 was carried out with a Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) system which provides the most {open_quote}realistic{close_quote} system of CO2 fumigation currently available. Elevated CO2 increased diurnal CO2 assimilation by between 34 and 88% whilst reducing rates of stomatal conductance by between 1 and 42%. However, analysis of the A vs. Ci response showed considerable acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus in response to elevated CO2 - Vc{sub max} as an in vivo measure of RubisCO activity, decreased by between 29 and 35% in high CO2, whilst J{sub max}, as a measure of the RubP regeneration capacity, showed no significant change. Two out of three additional perennial grassland species studied showed similar acclamatory behavior to Ryegrass. Diurnal assimilation rate, J{sub max} and, in most cases, Vc{sub max}, increased significantly directly after cutting of Ryegrass stands, but nitrogen treatment had little effect on any of these parameters. Neither stomatal density, stomatal index nor stomatal pore length of Ryegrass were significantly altered by growth in elevated CO2. The results are discussed in terms of the limitation imposed on maximizing photosynthetic and growth responses of Ryegrass at elevated CO2, by the ability of perennial species to increase long-term sink capacity under these conditions.
Author: Jonathan E. Poulton Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media ISBN: 1461308356 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 472
Book Description
This volume is based on papers presented by invited speakers at a symposium entitled "Plant Nitrogen Metabolism" held in conjunction with the 28th Annual Meeting of the Phytochemical Society of North America. The meeting took place on the campus of the University of Iowa at Iowa City during June 26-30, 1988, and attracted 110 participants from 11 countries. The goal of the symposium was to trace the pathway by which nitrogen passes from soil and atmosphere into both primary and secondary nitrogenous metabolites, focusing upon areas which were felt to be most rapidly expanding. From nodulines (nodule specific proteins) and GS/GOGAT mutants to sugar mimics (polyhydroxyalkaloids) and herbicide inhibitors of amino acid metabolism, research in nitrogen metabolism has expanded into areas barely envisioned only a few years ago. Both the nitrogen specialist and the general plant biochemist will be pleased by the range of topics covered here. Following an overview in Chapter 1 of plant nitrogen metabolism, the remaining chapters are loosely organized into three groups. Chapters 2-6 deal primarily with the biochemistry and molecular biology of nitrogen assimilation and transport, Chapters 7-9 with amino acid metabolism, and Chapters 10-12 with secondary metabolites.
Author: Joseph M. Hilbe Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 1108210740 Category : Mathematics Languages : en Pages : 429
Book Description
This comprehensive guide to Bayesian methods in astronomy enables hands-on work by supplying complete R, JAGS, Python, and Stan code, to use directly or to adapt. It begins by examining the normal model from both frequentist and Bayesian perspectives and then progresses to a full range of Bayesian generalized linear and mixed or hierarchical models, as well as additional types of models such as ABC and INLA. The book provides code that is largely unavailable elsewhere and includes details on interpreting and evaluating Bayesian models. Initial discussions offer models in synthetic form so that readers can easily adapt them to their own data; later the models are applied to real astronomical data. The consistent focus is on hands-on modeling, analysis of data, and interpretations that address scientific questions. A must-have for astronomers, its concrete approach will also be attractive to researchers in the sciences more generally.
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