Author: Keiko Kiyotaki Publisher: BRILL ISBN: 9004384340 Category : History Languages : en Pages : 335
Book Description
In Ottoman Land Reform in the Province of Baghdad, Keiko Kiyotaki traces the Ottoman reforms of tax farming and land tenure and establishes that their effects were the key ingredients of agricultural progress. These modernizing reforms are shown to be effective because they were compatible with local customs and tribal traditions, which the Ottoman governors worked to preserve. Ottoman rule in Iraq has previously been considered oppressive and blamed with failure to develop the country. Since the British mandate government’s land and tax policies were little examined, the Ottoman legacy has been left unidentified. This book proves that Ottoman land reforms led to increases in agricultural production and tax revenue, while the hasty reforms enacted by the mandate government ignoring indigenous customs caused new agricultural and land problems.
Author: Irfan Ali Thanvi Publisher: ISBN: 9781712655771 Category : Languages : en Pages : 87
Book Description
One of the greatest superpowers, existent in the annals of political history has been the Ottoman Empire. At their zenith, the Ottomans, headquartered in their capital of Istanbul, governed with great vigour and writ, a huge chunk of land ranging from sub Saharan Africa in the west to the Persian Gulf in the east including sub autonomous regions of Asia Minor, North Africa, Eastern Europe and the Middle East. Nonetheless, like all big guns of modern history, Ottomans met their fate in the first quarter of the 20th Century through a complete downfall. Prior to their dissolution, the ailing Ottomans left no stone unturned in preserving their prestige by initiating a series of reforms starting in the year 1858. Apart from the development of a fleeting parliament on several occasions, a fragile constitution, sultanate-wide network of railroads, aviation squadrons and a national exchequer bound to bankruptcy, the Ottomans applied a well devised, super structured and a magna-carta type land code in 1873, which emancipated after a mega brainstorming of executives from all walks of life. Although, a last ditch attempt by the elite to salvage their kingdom, the land code in reality did not achieve the prime objective to secure the survival of the Empire and in 1923, the Ottomans collapsed to their downfall. Post downfall the lands once ruled by the Ottomans fragmented into various individualist identities; hitherto the Ottoman land code got greater appreciation from continental Europe and her colonial powers, so much so, when Jerusalem fell to the British coinciding with the Balfour declaration in 1917, followed by the Sykes-picot agreement and until the absolute demarcation of the British and the French mandates in the Levant, the land code remained the edifice of land distribution, acquirement and mortgage in these neo-autonomous lands of the breakaway empire. The case of Palestine secured most importance due to the two state solution promulgated by the British since the 1920's. Although, when the British finally departed in 1948, the land code did not get precedence in the erstwhile kingdom of Egypt, nor in the Hashemite Kingdoms of Iraq and Transjordan and neither the affluent regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Syria or Lebanon adopted even a single decree of the land code. To the earnest surprise of the reader, the only country which furthered with this masterpiece of a document was the Jewish entity created in Occupied Palestine. The land code remained the sole bone of contention between the Jewish Population and the Arab-Muslim indigenous populace of Palestine, as both ethnicities garnered support for their rights, causes and survival through the Ottoman code of 1873, albeit, it was the doctrine of precedence. This research paper will hopefully examine the crux of this problem by illustrating the implications, repercussions through the application of the land code and certain key observations in how the paradox of understandings of both rival sides in reclaiming their lost heritage resulted in a major tactic in achievement of a Jewish mandate in the erstwhile Ottoman Palestine.
Author: Evgeny Finkel Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 1108847498 Category : Political Science Languages : en Pages : 89
Book Description
Throughout history, reform has provoked rebellion - not just by the losers from reform, but also among its intended beneficiaries. Finkel and Gehlbach emphasize that, especially in weak states, reform often must be implemented by local actors with a stake in the status quo. In this setting, the promise of reform represents an implicit contract against which subsequent implementation is measured: when implementation falls short of this promise, citizens are aggrieved and more likely to rebel. Finkel and Gehlbach explore this argument in the context of Russia's emancipation of the serfs in 1861 - a fundamental reform of Russian state and society that paradoxically encouraged unrest among the peasants who were its prime beneficiaries. They further examine the empirical reach of their theory through narrative analyses of the Tanzimat reforms of the nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire, land reform in ancient Rome, the abolition of feudalism during the French Revolution, and land reform in contemporary Latin America.
Author: Roderic H. Davison Publisher: Princeton University Press ISBN: 1400878764 Category : History Languages : en Pages : 494
Book Description
The author examines in detail the Tanzimat reforms, focusing on the crucial phase between the reform edict of 1856 and the constitution of 1876. Originally published in 1963. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Author: F. Ünal Publisher: Springer ISBN: 1137110880 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 329
Book Description
Ünal uses Turkey as a case study to investigate the effectiveness and efficiency of land and labor markets in spreading economic opportunities within agriculture and its ability to reduce rural poverty.
Author: Carter V. Findley Publisher: Princeton University Press ISBN: 0691052883 Category : History Languages : en Pages : 494
Book Description
From the author's preface: Sublime Porte--there must be few terms more redolent, even today, of the fascination that the Islamic Middle East has long exercised over Western imaginations. Yet there must also be few Western minds that now know what this term refers to, or why it has any claim to attention. One present-day Middle East expert admits to having long interpreted the expression as a reference to Istambul's splendid natural harbor. This individual is probably not unique and could perhaps claim to be relatively well informed. When the Sublime Porte still existed, Westerners who spent time in Istanbul knew the term as a designation for the Ottoman government, but few knew why the name was used, or what aspect of the Ottoman government it properly designated. What was the real Sublime Porte? Was it an organization? A building? No more, literally, than a door or gateway? What about it was important enough to cause the name to be remembered? In one sense, the purpose of this book is to answer these questions. Of course, it will also do much more and will, in the process, move quickly onto a plane quite different from the exoticism just invoked. For to study the bureaucratic complex properly known as the Sublime Porte, and to analyze its evolution and that of the body of men who staffed it, is to explore a problem of tremendous significance for the development of the administrative institutions of the Ottoman Empire, the Islamic lands in general, and in some senses the entire non-Westerrn world.
Author: Keiko Kiyotaki
Author: Irfan Ali Thanvi
Author: Evgeny Finkel
Author: Mark Lundell
Author: Roderic H. Davison
Author: Moulavi Cherágh Ali
Author: F. Ünal
Author: Carter V. Findley
Author: Bülent Özdemir
Author: William W. McGrew