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Author: Leila Ahmadi Publisher: ISBN: Category : Automobiles Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Today, climate change and energy shortage are major concerns among scientists, politicians, and economists. For decades in the U.S., emphasis has been placed on improving energy efficiency through technological advances. However, most of these technologies are in the initial phases of development, while energy consumption continues to increase at a rapid pace. In order to solve this dilemma, there is a need to develop a faster and more effective approach for controlling the rates of energy consumption and demand. Transportation consumes more energy than other energy-dependent activities, such as those in the industrial, residential, and commercial sectors of the economy. In addition, the transportation sector produces the highest level emissions in comparison to the other energy- dependent activities. Because of this problem, it is important that more studies examine the problem of energy consumption and emissions within the transportation sector. Cities are the main producers of transportation emissions and energy use. Many researchers have considered spatial form of contemporary urban regions as a source of environmental problems. Therefore the goal of this study is to examine the relationship between urban sprawl, transportation energy consumption and the carbon footprint. The impact of sprawl on transportation energy consumption has been investigated using some urban areas in the U.S. as case studies. However, there is not a comprehensive study employing reliable data among metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) across the U.S. To provide a better analysis, this dissertation examined the statistical strength between different urban forms, transportation energy consumption and carbon footprint among 73 MSAs in the U.S., using ordinary least square (OLS). The study found that a significant relationship between urban sprawl and transportation energy consumption and carbon footprint. Nevertheless, there are still more important factors that influence the transportation energy consumption and carbon footprint than urban sprawl.
Author: Leila Ahmadi Publisher: ISBN: Category : Automobiles Languages : en Pages :
Book Description
Today, climate change and energy shortage are major concerns among scientists, politicians, and economists. For decades in the U.S., emphasis has been placed on improving energy efficiency through technological advances. However, most of these technologies are in the initial phases of development, while energy consumption continues to increase at a rapid pace. In order to solve this dilemma, there is a need to develop a faster and more effective approach for controlling the rates of energy consumption and demand. Transportation consumes more energy than other energy-dependent activities, such as those in the industrial, residential, and commercial sectors of the economy. In addition, the transportation sector produces the highest level emissions in comparison to the other energy- dependent activities. Because of this problem, it is important that more studies examine the problem of energy consumption and emissions within the transportation sector. Cities are the main producers of transportation emissions and energy use. Many researchers have considered spatial form of contemporary urban regions as a source of environmental problems. Therefore the goal of this study is to examine the relationship between urban sprawl, transportation energy consumption and the carbon footprint. The impact of sprawl on transportation energy consumption has been investigated using some urban areas in the U.S. as case studies. However, there is not a comprehensive study employing reliable data among metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) across the U.S. To provide a better analysis, this dissertation examined the statistical strength between different urban forms, transportation energy consumption and carbon footprint among 73 MSAs in the U.S., using ordinary least square (OLS). The study found that a significant relationship between urban sprawl and transportation energy consumption and carbon footprint. Nevertheless, there are still more important factors that influence the transportation energy consumption and carbon footprint than urban sprawl.
Author: National Research Council Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 030915054X Category : Transportation Languages : en Pages : 178
Book Description
TRB Special Report 298: Driving and the Built Environment: Effects of Compact Development on Motorized Travel, Energy Use, and CO2 Emissions examines the relationship between land development patterns and vehicle miles traveled (VMT) in the United States to assess whether petroleum use, and by extension greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, could be reduced by changes in the design of development patterns. The report estimates the contributions that changes in residential and mixed-use development patterns and transit investments could make in reducing VMT by 2030 and 2050, and the impact this could have in meeting future transportation-related GHG reduction goals.
Author: Robert W. Burchell Publisher: ISBN: Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 280
Book Description
Provides a working definition of sprawl and its associated costs, then provides historical discussion, dating back to the early 1920s when zoning acts were initially developed, and to the 1950s when the term sprawl entered the planning literature. It also systematically presents the literature on sprawl in chapters that focus on the following major areas of impact: public/private capital and operating costs; transportation and travel costs; land/natural habitat preservation; quality of life; and social issues. Finally, the report presents annotations of studies, organized in chapters that focus on the same five major impact areas as Section II.
Author: National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board. Committee on a Study of Potential Energy Savings and Greenhouse Gas Reduction from Transportation Publisher: ISBN: Category : Energy conservation Languages : en Pages : 161
Book Description
"TRB Special Report 307: Policy Options for Reducing Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from U.S. Transportation examines the potential for policies to yield major changes in transportation energy use and emissions trends by policy measures targeting cars and light trucks, medium and heavy trucks, and commercial airliners. These three modes are by far the largest users of energy by U.S. transportation because they account for the vast majority of passenger trips and freight. According to the committee that produced the report, it will take more than tougher fuel economy standards for U.S. transportation to significantly cut national petroleum use over the next half century. It will likely require a combination of measures that foster consumer and supplier interest in vehicle fuel economy, alternative fuels, and a more efficient transportation system. Major policy options examined in the report-fuel taxes, vehicle efficiency standards, fuel standards, infrastructure investments, and coordinated transportation and land use planning-have the potential to bring about large energy and emissions savings from these modes over time; however, each option presents particular challenges with respect to the scope and timing of its impacts. The report suggests that combining transportation policy options to increase the timeliness and expand the scale and scope of the response may be warranted. Saving energy in transportation can have important implications for the cost of securing the world's oil supplies, since transportation accounts for most of the petroleum consumed in the United States. It can also help with controlling the buildup of greenhouse gases (GHGs), which will require major reductions in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from economic sectors that are heavy users of carbon-rich fossil fuels. Scientific analyses and models indicate a need to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and other GHGs by the middle of this century to reduce the risks of climate change. A response by the transportation sector to this energy and emissions challenge will be important because it produces between one-quarter and one-third of all of the CO2 emitted from the country's energy consumption."--Publisher's website.
Author: National Research Council (U.S.). Committee for a Study of Potential Energy Savings and Greenhouse Gas Reductions from Transportation Publisher: Transportation Research Board ISBN: 0309167426 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 228
Book Description
It is not intended to model or quantify the impacts of each policy option over time but instead to examine the means by which each influences behavior and the demand for and supply of energy- and emissions-saving technology, particularly in the modes of transportation with the greatest effect on the sector's consumption of petroleum and emissions of GHGs. In choosing among policies, elected officials must take into account many factors that could not be examined in this study, such as the full range of safety, economic, and environmental implications of their choices; therefore, the report does not recommend a specific suite of policies to pursue. Instead, the emphasis is on assessing each policy approach with regard to its applicability across transportation modes and its ability to affect the total amount of energy-intensive transportation activity, the efficiency of transportation vehicles, and GHG emissions characteristics of the sector's energy supply.
Author: Reid Ewing Publisher: Taylor & Francis ISBN: 1317240030 Category : Architecture Languages : en Pages : 170
Book Description
Across the nation, the debate over metropolitan sprawl and its impact has become pivotal to urban planning. A decade and a half ago, Smart Growth America and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency sought to raise the level of the debate by sponsoring groundbreaking research to quantitatively measure sprawl and its quality-of-life impacts. The resulting measures are widely used in urban research and public health. Costs of Sprawl provides a panoramic guide to urban form in America, measures sprawl for metropolitan areas, urbanized areas, and counties, and studies the relationship between sprawl and quality-of-life outcomes. From this preliminary investigation, it looks like the costs of sprawl are varied and substantial, and the alternative of compact development is far superior. An essential read for researchers, planners, urban designers, policy makers, and smart growth advocates in the U.S. and abroad, this book provides a comprehensive and detailed analysis of one of the most critical issues in planning today.
Author: Farai Kapfudzaruwa Publisher: Spears Media Press ISBN: 1942876580 Category : Business & Economics Languages : en Pages : 213
Book Description
This volume picks up from where a previously edited title in this book series - Rural-Urban Linkages and Sustainable Development in Africa (2018) left off, by presenting nine new case studies from various parts of the African continent. These cases illustrate the complex and multifaceted interactions between cities and rural areas, through the flow of resources, people, capital, information, and goods which directly impact the sustainable development of these concerned areas. Contributions are drawn from young faculty and graduates from the three master’s programmes in Sustainable Urban Development, Sustainable Integrated Rural Development and Mining and Mineral Resources, coordinated by the eight partner African universities who make up the Education for Sustainable Development in Africa (ESDA) initiative. The volume is part of the ESDA book series that serves primarily as undergraduate and graduate instruction materials for courses on sustainable development in Africa. It also aims to inform policy initiatives on development issues on the continent.
Author: OECD Publisher: OECD Publishing ISBN: 9264091378 Category : Languages : en Pages : 278
Book Description
This book shows how city and metropolitan regional governments working in tandem with national governments can change the way we think about responding to climate change.
Author: Division on Earth and Life Studies Publisher: National Academies Press ISBN: 0309185408 Category : Science Languages : en Pages : 199
Book Description
The Transportation Research Board (TRB) and the Division on Earth and Life Studies (DELS) have released the pre-publication version of TRB Special Report 290, The Potential Impacts of Climate Change on U.S. Transportation, which explores the consequences of climate change for U.S. transportation infrastructure and operations. The report provides an overview of the scientific consensus on the current and future climate changes of particular relevance to U.S. transportation, including the limits of present scientific understanding as to their precise timing, magnitude, and geographic location; identifies potential impacts on U.S. transportation and adaptation options; and offers recommendations for both research and actions that can be taken to prepare for climate change. The book also summarizes previous work on strategies for reducing transportation-related emissions of carbon dioxide--the primary greenhouse gas--that contribute to climate change. Five commissioned papers used by the committee to help develop the report, a summary of the report, and a National Academies press release associated with the report are available online. DELS, like TRB, is a division of the National Academies, which include the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council.
Author: Timothy J. Pede Publisher: ISBN: Category : Languages : en Pages : 316
Book Description
There is much potential to decrease energy consumption in the U.S. by encouraging compact, centralized development. Although many studies have examined the extent to which built environment and demographic factors are related to household energy use, few have considered both building and transportation energy together. We hypothesized that residents living further from city centers, or urban cores, consume more energy for both purposes than their inner city counterparts, resulting in a direct relationship between building and transportation energy usage. This hypothesis was tested with two case studies. The first focused on New York City. Annual building energy per unit of parcels, or tax lots, containing large multi-family structures was compared to the daily transportation energy use per household of traffic analysis zones (TAZs) (estimated with a regional travel demand model). Transportation energy showed a strong spatial pattern, with distance to urban core explaining 63% of variation in consumption. Building energy use was randomly distributed, resulting in a weak negative correlation with transportation energy. However, both correlation with distance to urban core and transportation energy became significant and positive when portion of detached single-family units for TAZs was used as a proxy for building energy. Structural equation models (SEMs) revealed a direct relationship between log lot depth and both uses of energy, and inverse relationship between portion of attached housing units and transportation energy. This supports the notion that sprawling development increases both the building and transportation energy consumption of households. For the second analysis, annual building and automobile energy use per household were estimated for block groups across the 50 most populous U.S. metropolitan regions with Esri Consumer Expenditure Data. Both forms of energy consumption per household were lowest in inner cities and increased at greater distances from urban cores. Although there may be some error in estimates from modeled expenditure data, characteristics associated with lower energy use, such as portion of attached housing units and commuters that utilize transit or pedestrian modes, were negatively correlated with distance to urban core. Overall, this work suggests there are spatial patterns to household energy consumption, with households further from urban cores using more building and transportation energy. There is the greatest gain in efficiency to be had by suburban residents.
Author: Leila Ahmadi
Author: Leila Ahmadi
Author: National Research Council
Author: Robert W. Burchell
Author: National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board. Committee on a Study of Potential Energy Savings and Greenhouse Gas Reduction from Transportation
Author: National Research Council (U.S.). Committee for a Study of Potential Energy Savings and Greenhouse Gas Reductions from Transportation
Author: Reid Ewing
Author: Farai Kapfudzaruwa
Author: OECD
Author: Division on Earth and Life Studies
Author: Timothy J. Pede